Chapter 10 Flashcards
Characteristics of muscle
Irritability: reacts to stimulus
Contractility
Extensibility: relaxation
Elasticity: stretching of muscle
Attach muscle to bone
Tendon
Tendon sheets
Aponeurosis
Surrounding entire muscle; separates muscle from surrounding tissue and organs
Epimysium
Divides muscle into compartments or bundles of cells called fascicles
Perimysium
Surrounds individual muscle cells or fibers
Endomysium
Fuse forming multinucleated cells and develop into skeletal muscle fibers
Myoblasts
How many micrometers are in a millimeter
1000
Fleshy part of the skeletal muscle cell membrane of the muscle
Sarcolemma
Fluid and cell organelles
Sarcoplasm
Highly specialized endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Create direct route for faster muscle contraction
T tubules
Made up of actin and myosin
Sarcomere
Z lines have what
Anchoring proteins
Where actin and myosin overlap
A band also called dark band
Light band
I band
Covers binding sites on Actin
Tropomyosin
Uncovers binding sites on Actin
Troponin
Muscle that is not stimulated by nerve is what
Paralyzed
What filament is thin and what filament is thick
Actin myosin
How many Neuromuscular junction’s are in one muscle fiber
One
What part of the neuromuscular junction generates action potential
Sarcolemma
What neurotransmitter causes calcium to be released
Acetylcholine
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinerase
Single stimulus contraction relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber
Twitch
Graph of tension development in muscle fibers
Myograms
Action potential sweeps across sarcolemma
SR releases calcium ions
Contraction cycle has not beguny
Latent period
Tension rises to Peak
Calcium binds to troponin allowing cross bridge formation between myosin head and active site on Actin
Contraction phase
Calcium level falls
Active sites covered by Tropomyosin
Number of cross bridges decline with detachment
Relaxation phase
Muscle fiber controlled by one motor neuron
Motor unit
Size of the motor unit varies with what
Muscle control
Muscle fibers of different motor units are what
Intermingled
Movement begins with the smallest motor units
As the movement continues more and larger motor units are stimulated to contribute producing great attention
Recruitment
Muscle length changes then remains constant
Isotonic contraction
Muscle shortens
Concentric contraction
Muscle lengthens
Eccentric contraction
Muscle length does not change
Isometric contraction
Occurs in the cytoplasm and produces little ATP
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Occurs in the mitochondria Produces the most ATP Myoglobin Stores extra oxygen
Aerobic phase
Stores energy that quickly converts to ADP to ATP
Creatine Phosphate
The amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the accumulated lactic acid To produce glucose
Oxygen debt
Lacks troponin instead uses calmodulin
Uses two neurotransmitters
Stretching can trigger a muscle contraction
Slower to contract and relax
More resistant to fatigue
Can change link without changing tautness
Some are self exciting or rhythmic
The differences between smooth muscle from Skeletal muscle
What are cardiac muscle fibers join together by
Intercalated discs
Increase in muscle size do to increase in myofilaments, myofribril size, and mitochondria
More glycogen and glycolic enzymes
Hypertropy
Decrease in muscle size
Atrophy
Virus attacks motor neurons of brain and spinal cord causing paralysis
Polio
Tocsin from bacteria that suppresses the mechanism inhibiting motor neuron activity
Drive in low oxygen areas like deep puncture tissues
Results and sustained Powerball contractions of affected muscle
Tetanus
Tocsin from bacteria that blocks acetylcholine release at Neuromuscular junctions
Botulism
Loss of acetylcholine receptors at the Neuromuscular junctions
Results and progressive weakness
Myasthenia gravis
Tetanic Contraction of all skeletal muscle post Mortem
Rigor mortis
Immovable end
Origin
Movable end
Insertion
Primarily responsible for movement
Primary mover or agonist
Assist primary mover
Synergist
Resist primary movers action and cause movement in the Opposite direction
Antagonist
Varied collection of inherited diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration
Muscular dystrophies
Disease of muscle tissue
Myopathy