Chapter 3- Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age

Question 1

What is Socialization?

Answer 1

the LIFELONG social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

Question 2

What is Personality?

Answer 2

a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling

Question 3

Does Socialization favour Nature or Nurture?

Answer 3

“nurture is our nature”

Question 4

What are the implications of Social Isolation regarding the Importance of Socialization?

Answer 4

extended periods of social isolation result in permanent damage

Question 5

What are the 3 Elements of Personality?

Answer 5

id, ego, superego

Question 6

Who created the model of the 3 Elements of Personality?

Answer 6

Sigmund Freud

Question 7

What is id?

Answer 7

the human being’s innate and basic (pleasure-seeking) drives

Question 8

What is ego?

Answer 8

a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

Question 9

What is superego?

Answer 9

the demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms

Question 10

What are the 4 stages of Cognitive Development?

Answer 10

1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage
4. formal operational stage

Question 11

Who came up with the 4 stages of Cognitive Development?

Answer 11

Jean Piaget

Question 12

What is the Sensorimotor Phase of Cognitive Development?

Answer 12

(stage 1)

individuals only experience/ know the world through the senses

Question 13

What is the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development?

Answer 13

(stage 2)

individuals start using language and other symbols

Question 14

What is the Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development?

Answer 14

(stage 3)

individuals start to understand causal connections in their surroundings

Question 15

What is the Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development?

Answer 15

(stage 4)

individuals think abstract and critically

Question 16

What are the 3 stages to Moral Development?

Answer 16

1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional

Question 17

Who came up with the 3 stages of Moral development?

Answer 17

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 18

What is occurring at the Preconventional Level?

Answer 18

(1st level)

start to judge “rightness” according to our individual needs/ “what feels good to me”

Question 19

What is the Conventional Level?

Answer 19

(2nd level)

lose some of that selfishness and learning moral reasoning (right from wrong) in terms of what pleases parents and cultural norms

Question 20

What is the Postconventional Level?

Answer 20

(3rd level)

move beyond society’s cultural norms and criticize society itself

Question 21

What is the theory of Gender playing a role in Moral Development? And who came up with it?

Answer 21

boys rely on formal rules to define rightness (justice perspective), and girls rely on the effects of actions on relationships to define rightness (care and responsibility perspective); Carol Gilligan

Question 22

What is the ‘Self’ according to George Herbert Mead?

Answer 22

part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

Question 23

What Social Experiences help develop the ‘Self’?

Answer 23

involves exchange of symbols through imitation, play, games, and understanding the GENERLALIZED OTHER

Question 24

What is the Generalized Other?

Answer 24

widespread cultural norms and values we use use as references in evaluating ourselves

Question 25

What does Social Interaction depend on?

Answer 25

understanding the intention of another, which requires taking the role of the other

Question 26

What is the Looking-Glass Self? And who created it?

Answer 26

we see ourselves how we imagine others see us; Horton Cooley

Question 27

What are the 8 Stages of Development pointed out by Erik K. Erikson?

Answer 27

1. Infancy: challenge of trust 2. Toddlerhood: challenge of autonomy (vs doubt and shame) 3. Preschool: challenge of initiative (vs guilt) 4. Preadolescence: challenge of industriousness (vs inferiority) 5. Adolescence: challenge of gaining identity (vs confusion) 6. Young Adulthood: challenge of intimacy (vs isolation) 7. Middle Adulthood: challenge of making a difference (vs self-absorption) 8. Old Age: challenge of integrity (vs despair)

Question 28

What are the 3 ways in which Family guides the Socialization Process?

Answer 28

1. greatest impact on attitudes and behaviour 2. family's social position, social class and race shapes a child's personality 3. ideas about race, gender and social class are first learned here

Question 29

How do Schools guide the Socialization Process (3 ways)?

Answer 29

(1st experience with bureaucracy and impersonal evaluation) 1. teach knowledge and skills for later life 2. expose children to greater social diversity 3. reinforce ideas about gender

Question 30

How do Peer Groups guide the Socialization Process (2 ways)?

Answer 30

1. helps shape attitude and behaviour | 2. free young people from adult supervision

Question 31

How does the Mass and Social Media guide the Socialization Process (4 ways)?

Answer 31

(huge impact on socialization in modern, high-income societies) 1. (social media) major role in socialization 2. (social media) transmitting messages about race, class, and gender 3. (mass media) reinforce stereotypes about gender and race 4. (mass media) expose people to a great deal of violence

Question 32

What are Peer Groups?

Answer 32

a social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common

Question 33

What is Mass Media?

Answer 33

means for transmitting info from a single source to a vast number of people

Question 34

What is Social Media?

Answer 34

allows people to communicate with one another, to share info, and to form communities based on interests and goals

Question 35

What is Ageism?

Answer 35

prejudice and discrimination on the basis of age

Question 36

What is a Cohort?

Answer 36

category of people with something in common, usually their age

Question 37

What is a Total Institution?

Answer 37

setting which people are isolated from the rest of society, following set rules and regulations, and staff members supervise all aspects of life

Question 38

What is Resocialization (in total institutions)?

Answer 38

radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment

Question 39

What are the Two-Part Processes of Resocialization?

Answer 39

1. breaking down an inmates' existing identity | 2. building a new self through a system or rewards and punishments

Question 40

What are the 6 Major Theories of Socialization? And who founded them?

Answer 40

Theory of… 1. Sigmund Freud: elements of personality 2. Jean Piaget: cognitive development 3. Lawrence Kohlberg: moral development 4. Carol Gilligan: gender and moral development 5. George H. Mead: the social self 6. Erik H. Erikson: 8 stages of development