Chapter 3- Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age Flashcards
How are social interaction the foundation of personality? What are the 6 major theories or Socialization? How does the family, school, peer groups, the mass and social media guide the socialization process? How does our society organize human experiences into distinctive stages of life? Can you characterize the operation of total institutions?
What is Socialization?
the LIFELONG social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
What is Personality?
a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling
Does Socialization favour Nature or Nurture?
“nurture is our nature”
What are the implications of Social Isolation regarding the Importance of Socialization?
extended periods of social isolation result in permanent damage
What are the 3 Elements of Personality?
id, ego, superego
Who created the model of the 3 Elements of Personality?
Sigmund Freud
What is id?
the human being’s innate and basic (pleasure-seeking) drives
What is ego?
a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
What is superego?
the demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms
What are the 4 stages of Cognitive Development?
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
Who came up with the 4 stages of Cognitive Development?
Jean Piaget
What is the Sensorimotor Phase of Cognitive Development?
(stage 1)
individuals only experience/ know the world through the senses
What is the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development?
(stage 2)
individuals start using language and other symbols
What is the Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development?
(stage 3)
individuals start to understand causal connections in their surroundings
What is the Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development?
(stage 4)
individuals think abstract and critically
What are the 3 stages to Moral Development?
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
Who came up with the 3 stages of Moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
What is occurring at the Preconventional Level?
(1st level)
start to judge “rightness” according to our individual needs/ “what feels good to me”
What is the Conventional Level?
(2nd level)
lose some of that selfishness and learning moral reasoning (right from wrong) in terms of what pleases parents and cultural norms
What is the Postconventional Level?
(3rd level)
move beyond society’s cultural norms and criticize society itself
What is the theory of Gender playing a role in Moral Development? And who came up with it?
boys rely on formal rules to define rightness (justice perspective), and girls rely on the effects of actions on relationships to define rightness (care and responsibility perspective); Carol Gilligan
What is the ‘Self’ according to George Herbert Mead?
part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
What Social Experiences help develop the ‘Self’?
involves exchange of symbols through imitation, play, games, and understanding the GENERLALIZED OTHER
What is the Generalized Other?
widespread cultural norms and values we use use as references in evaluating ourselves
What does Social Interaction depend on?
understanding the intention of another, which requires taking the role of the other
What is the Looking-Glass Self? And who created it?
we see ourselves how we imagine others see us; Horton Cooley
What are the 8 Stages of Development pointed out by Erik K. Erikson?
- Infancy: challenge of trust
- Toddlerhood: challenge of autonomy (vs doubt and shame)
- Preschool: challenge of initiative (vs guilt)
- Preadolescence: challenge of industriousness (vs inferiority)
- Adolescence: challenge of gaining identity (vs confusion)
- Young Adulthood: challenge of intimacy (vs isolation)
- Middle Adulthood: challenge of making a difference (vs self-absorption)
- Old Age: challenge of integrity (vs despair)
What are the 3 ways in which Family guides the Socialization Process?
- greatest impact on attitudes and behaviour
- family’s social position, social class and race shapes a child’s personality
- ideas about race, gender and social class are first learned here
How do Schools guide the Socialization Process (3 ways)?
(1st experience with bureaucracy and impersonal evaluation)
- teach knowledge and skills for later life
- expose children to greater social diversity
- reinforce ideas about gender
How do Peer Groups guide the Socialization Process (2 ways)?
- helps shape attitude and behaviour
2. free young people from adult supervision
How does the Mass and Social Media guide the Socialization Process (4 ways)?
(huge impact on socialization in modern, high-income societies)
- (social media) major role in socialization
- (social media) transmitting messages about race, class, and gender
- (mass media) reinforce stereotypes about gender and race
- (mass media) expose people to a great deal of violence
What are Peer Groups?
a social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common
What is Mass Media?
means for transmitting info from a single source to a vast number of people
What is Social Media?
allows people to communicate with one another, to share info, and to form communities based on interests and goals
What is Ageism?
prejudice and discrimination on the basis of age
What is a Cohort?
category of people with something in common, usually their age
What is a Total Institution?
setting which people are isolated from the rest of society, following set rules and regulations, and staff members supervise all aspects of life
What is Resocialization (in total institutions)?
radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
What are the Two-Part Processes of Resocialization?
- breaking down an inmates’ existing identity
2. building a new self through a system or rewards and punishments
What are the 6 Major Theories of Socialization? And who founded them?
Theory of…
- Sigmund Freud: elements of personality
- Jean Piaget: cognitive development
- Lawrence Kohlberg: moral development
- Carol Gilligan: gender and moral development
- George H. Mead: the social self
- Erik H. Erikson: 8 stages of development
