Chapter 3 Review Flashcards
these are duplicates during the S phase
chromosomes
a special type of cell division performed by reproductive cells to reduce chromosome number
meiosis
this organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
SER
these cell projections increase surface area for increased membrane transport
microvilli
another name for the cell membrane
plasmalemma
this organelle digests foreign material
lysosomes
the genetically programmed death of cells
apoptosis
this term is used to describe the shrinking of red blood cells in a hypertonic solution
crenation
in this solution, cells absorb water and swell (ex: after you stay in the pool too long)
hypotonic
smallest living unit within the human body
cell
process of protein formation directed by mRNA
translation
part of the cytoskeleton used to move chromosomes during cell division
microtubules
makes up microtubules
tubulin
mRNA is needed to synthesize these in the cytoplasm
proteins
makes most of the ATO required to power cellular operations
mitochondria
these are the functional units of DNA that contain instructions for making one or more proteins
genes
proteins in the cytosine that accelerate metabolic reactions
enzymes
an alternative term for a tumor
neoplasm
in order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ______ ions from the cell and imports ______ ions
sodium; potassium
the intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid
endocytosis
process by which molecules move along concentration gradients with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
this bilayer composes the plasma membrane
phospholipids
a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes
RER
a process that requires cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient
active transport
the specialization process in which cells become limited in the range of proteins that can be made as genes are functionally eliminated
differentiation
these organelles form mitotic spindles to move chromosomes during mitosis
centrioles
proteins found here anchor the cell, serve as receptors, allow cells to be recognized, and act as enzymes
plasma membrane
this term is used to describe the bursting of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution
hemolysis
sodium and potassium are the two most important ____ in body fluids
cations
a type of division used to produce somatic cells
mitosis
three nucleotides in mRNA that code for a specific amino acid
codon
DNA is located here
nucleus
this organelle renews the cell membrane and modified and packages proteins for secretion
golgi
this cell component supports and moves organelles, controls cell shape, and provides cell strength
cytoskeleton
movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
diffusion
the anticodon for UCA
AGU
makes up microfilaments
actin
the type of nucleic acid that can leave the nucleus with vital information about protein structure
mRNA
organelles that absorb and neutralize drugs and toxins
peroxisomes
components of ribosomes are formed here
nucleoli
during mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during this phase
anaphase
the stage in the cells life cycle in which cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division
interphase
this term is used to describe how cancer cells may spread
metastasis
the major components of the cell membrane
phospholipids
proteins
glycolipids
cholesterol
most of the communication between the interior and exterior of the cell occurs by
integral protein channels
because of its chemical-structural composition, the cell membrane is called a
phospholipid bilayer
approximately 95 percent of the energy needed to keep a cell alive is generated by the activity of the
mitochondria
nucleoli are nuclear organelles that
synthesize the components of ribosomes
the three major functions of endoplasmic reticulum are
synthesis
storage
transport
the functions of the golgi apparatus include
synthesis
storage
alteration
packaging
the major factor that allows the nucleus to control cellular operations is through its
regulation of protein synthesis
ribosomal protein and RNA are produced primarily in the
nucleolus
along the length of the DNA strand, information is stored in the sequence of
nitrogen bases
a sequence of three nitrogen bases can specify the identity of
a single amino acid
the process in which RNA polymerase uses the genetic information to assemble a strand of mRNA
transcription
if the DNA triples is TAG, the corresponding codon on the mRNA strand will be
AUC
the transport process that requires the presence of specialized integral membrane protein
carrier-mediated transport
ions and other small water-soluble materials cross the cell membrane only by passing through
a channel protein
all transport through the cell membrane can be classified as either
active or passive
the mechanism by which glucose can enter the cytoplasm without expending ATP is via
a carrier protein
is osmosis, water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has the
higher concentration of solutes
the transmembrane potential results from the
unequal distribution of ions
the process of mitosis begins when cell enters the
M phase
the four stages of mitosis in correct sequence are
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
at the chromosome level, the number of cell divisions performed by a cell and its descendants is regulated by structures called
telomeres
the spreading process of a primary tumor is called ________ and the dispersion of malignant cells to establish a secondary tumor is called ________
invasion, metastasis
the process of differentiation is cell specialization as a result of
gene activation or repression
