Chapter 2 Review Flashcards
a fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds
polyunsaturated
when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons
covalent bonds
weak bond between polar molecules such as water
hydrogen
smallest stable units of matter
atoms
a side chain on an amino acid
R group
a pH of 1 is found here in the body
stomach
this molecule is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
glycerol
during ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions which carry a current called
electrolytes
this number is the number of protons and neutrons
mass number
the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by
electrons
a polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose
glycogen
if a substance has a pH that is greater than 7
alkaline
isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as
organic
which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4?
pH of 4
substrate molecules bind to enzymes at
active sites
bonds formed when on cations and anions attract one another
ionic
radioisotopes have unstable
nuclei
these molecules cushion organs, help insulate the body, provide 2x the energy as carbohydrates, and are needed for cell membrane production
lipids
neutral pH
7
the most abundant high-energy compound in cells
ATP
an amino acid is to protein as _____ is to a nucleic acid
nucleotide
responsible for much of the mass of the human body, had high heat capacity, dissolved many substances and is composed of polar hydrogen bonded molecules
water
adenine and guanine are
purines
the atomic number of an atom is determined by
number of protons it has
oxygen is required in biological systems for
metabolism
level of protein folding in which separate polypeptide subunits interact
quaternary
according to the rules of complementary bases pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base ______
guanine
the most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body
glucose
the body’s most readily available source of energy
carbohydrates
the innermost electron shell in an atom holds up ___ electrons
two
the alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of _____ protein structure
secondary
chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be _______
exergonic
-NH2
amine
in this reaction, molecules lose water during synthesis
dehydration
ions with a + charge are called
cation
molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called
isomers
AB -> A + B is to decomposition as A + B -> AB is to ________
synthesis
you would expect a peptide bond to link _______
amino acids
proteins that function as biological catalysts
enzymes
if a pair of electrons is unequally shared between to atoms, a _______ bond occurs
polar covalent bond
three subatomic particles that are constituents of atoms
protons, neutrons, electrons
the protons of an atom are only found
in the nucleus
the unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule of water is an example of
a polar covalent bond
the presence of an appropriate enzyme affects only the
rate of a reaction
organic catalysts made by a living cell to promote a specific reaction
enzymes
the four major classes of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
absolute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions and causes a decrease in pH
acid
a carbohydrate molecule is made up of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
the lipids that function as chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities
eicosanoids
the lipids absorbed from food or synthesized in cells
fatty acids
special proteins that speed up metabolic reactions
enzymes
the three basic components of a single nucleotide of a nucleic acid
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
the most important high-energy compound found in human cells
ATP
three components required to create the high-energy compound ATP
adenosine, phosphate groups, appropriate enzymes
biochemical building blocks form functional units called
cells
