Chapter 3 pt.3 Flashcards
The earth is an ______ _______ that exchanges energy with its; surroundings
open system
a system that exchanges energy with its’ surroundings
open system
as energy is used it changes _____
forms
All energy uses are subject to the laws of _______________
thermodynamics
Describe the 1st law of thermodynamics.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it changes from one form to another
Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Energy transfer is never 100% efficent.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat is highly ________.
entropic (disorganized)
According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it’s degraded and lost to ______
heat
The First Law of Thermodynamics deals with the _____________ of energy
conservation
According to the first law of thermodynamics, organisms can’t ______ energy, must capture it from some other source for survival
create
Energy from food passes from one organism to another based on their _______ _____
trophic level
an organism’s position in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationsips
trophic level
The root word for trophic level, troph, means?
food
Describe each trophic level:
First trophic level:
Second trophic level:
Third trophic level:
First trophic level: Producers
Second trophic level: Primary Consumers
Third trophic level: Secondary Consumers
__________ are present in all trophic levels
Decomposers
As living things are eaten, some energy is used to make ________ (what you see as living material of an organism) of that trophic level
biomass
Most energy is lost as _____, it cannot be recovered
heat
Which of the following does not refer to a primary consumer: A. Carnivore B. Consumer that producers C. Grasshoper D. Herbivore E. Second Trophic Level
A. Carnivore, because it’s a secondary consumer
A more realistic model of the flow of energy and materials organizes a community based on feeding relationships
food web
Graphically represents the relative energy value of each trophic level
ecological pyramids
Important feature of ecological pyramid, is that large amount of energy is lost between _______ ______ to _____
trophic levels
heat
What are the three main types of ecological pyramids?
◦ Pyramid of numbers
◦ Pyramid of biomass
◦ Pyramid of energy
Which type of ecological pyramid: Illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level
Pyramid of Numbers
Which type of ecological pyramid: Most at producer level
Pyramid of Numbers
Which type of ecological pyramid: Fewer organisms with each successive trophic level
Pyramid of Numbers
Which type of ecological pyramid: Does not indicate, biomass of organisms at each level
Pyramid of Numbers
Which type of ecological pyramid: Does not indicate, amount of energy transferred between levels
Pyramid of Numbers
Which type of ecological pyramid: Illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level
Pyramid of Biomass
The Pyramid of Biomass, has ____% reduction in biomass through trophic levels
90%
The Pyramid of Biomass, has 90% _________ in biomass through trophic levels
reduction
So only a ~___% efficiency in the pyramid of biomass
– this small amount of biomass contributes to the biomass in next trophic level
10%
Which type of pyramid: Illustrates how much energy is present at each trophic level and how much is transferred to the next level
Pyramid of Energy
True or False: There are usually no more than 4-5 trophic levels
True
The are more _________ than the food supply can support
consumers
What are some of the limitations associated with vegetarianism?
food quality, and the ability to digest completely
The “productivity” of an ecosystem is measured as the amount of _______ ___________(PP):
primary productivity
Primary productivity represents ________ _________ (plants, algae) and the amount of ______ produced over time
primary producers
plant
Productivity is a ______ – measured as grams of plant /area/year
rate
Which type of ecosystems have high productivity?
High:
coral reefs
tropical rain forests
wetlands
Which type of ecosystems have low productivity?
Low:
deserts
open ocean
tundra
Humans use ~___% of total land-based PP, even though we only represent about ___% of biomass
32%
0.5%
Humans use ~32% of total _____-_____ PP, even though we only represent about 0.5% of ________
land-based
biomass
_______ _____ is the primary contributor to species extinction
Habitat loss
