Chapter 2 pt.2 Flashcards
Pro-business EPA administrator who was almost appointed by President Reagan to reverse the pro-environmental trend
Ann Gorsuch
Who replaced Ann Gorsuch?
William Ruckleshaus
Who was the first EPA administrator?
William Rucklesshaus
Over past 25 years, more than 170 environmental treaties and conventions have been negotiated list three of them?
◦ Montreal Protocol (1987, ozone)
◦ Kyoto Protocol (2001, greenhouse gases)
◦ Paris Conference (2015,
climate change)
the study of how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants
economics
_________ use models to determine the consequences of ways people, businesses and governments allocate their resources
economics
How is economics ultilitarian?
- it is practical
2. has goods, services with value convertible to currency
Economies depend on ________ _______ in the form of raw materials for production, consumption
natural capital
Economies depend on natural capital in the form of ____ ________ for production, consumption
raw materials
Also depend on the environment for ________ ___ _____ _______
disposal of waste products
occur when suppliers do not pay all the true cost of production
externalities
From an economic standpoint, there is an _______ ______ ___ _________
optimal amount of pollution
This optimal amount of pollution is the _____ to society of having
pollution being offset by the _______ to society of the activity creating the pollution
cost
benefits
In order to determine the optimal amount of pollution, must be able to identify?
- Marginal cost of pollution
2. Marginal cost of pollution abatement
cost of having a small additional amount of pollution
Marginal cost of pollution
cost of reducing a small amount of pollution
Marginal cost of pollution abatement
This is a cost to society – as damage to health, property, agriculture, aesthetics, reduction in ecosystem services
Marginal cost of pollution
This is a cost to society – as $$
Marginal cost of pollution abatement
With _____ pollution: social cost (damage to health, environment) is too high
With ____ pollution: social cost (in dollars) is also too high
high
low
What are the two incentive-based regulations?
- Environmental taxes
2. Tradable permits
Environmental taxes are also know as _____ taxes
green
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Identify and replicate societal cost of pollution
environmental taxes
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: If taxes are set at correct level, the cost faced by the polluter will be identical to the marginal societal cost of pollution
environmental taxes
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Rely on quantifying total amount of pollutant desired, then “permitting” for this total
tradable permits
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Companies that can easily reduce emissions trade or sell their extra permits to those who can’t as easily
tradable permits
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Encourages innovation, efficiency
tradable permits
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Major success: SO2 and Clean Air Act
tradable permits
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Has been proposed for global CO2 – “cap-and-trade”
tradable permits
Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: As of Jan. 2013, California established this system for greenhouse gases
tradable permits
What are the actual monetary values of ecosystem services?
Some calculations place value at $33 trillion/year!
The right of every citizen regardless of age, race and gender, social class or other factor, to adequate protection from environmental hazards
environmental justice
What is the challenge of environmental justice?
To find equitable solutions that respect all groups of people
Generally, members of low income and minority communities:
- Face more environmental threats and have fewer environmental amenities
- Have less voice in planning
A 1987 report concluded that _____ was the single best predictor of where toxic waste facilities were located nationwide
race
1994 -_______ required all federal agencies to ensure
their policies do not discriminate against ____ or _______ communities when locating future hazardous facilities
Clinton
poor
minority
Field of ethics that considers the moral basis of
environmental responsibility
environmental ethics
Describe the western environmental worldview.
- Also called expansionist – anthropocentric and utilitarian
- Human superiority and dominance over nature
- Environmental concerns are derived from human interests
Describe the deep ecology environmental worldview.
- All species have an equal worth to humans - biocentric
2. Humans have obligation to themselves and environment
Most people’s ethics fall somewhere in between _______ and ______ ________
western
deep ecology
Pollution is considered to be an externality because its?
Has a cost to the environment and to society that’s not returned in the price of the product that arouses it
