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Microbiology > Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Profile > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Profile Flashcards

1
Q

How to distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes

A

the way their DNA is packaged (lack of nucleus)-circular DNA, the plasmid and the thread-like chromosome; the makeup of their cell wall (peptidoglycan and other unique chemicals); their internal structure (lack of membrane-bounded organelles)

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2
Q

All bacterial cells possess…

A

a cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes a cytoskeleton one (or a few) chromosome(s)

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3
Q

Some bacterial cells possess…

A

flagella, pili, and fimbriae an outer membrane plasmids inclusions endospores intracellular membranes

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4
Q

Average size of prokaryotic cells

A

1 um

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5
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Cells of one species may vary in shape and size; caused by variations in cell wall structure

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6
Q

Cocci

A

spheres

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7
Q

Diplococci

A

two spheres

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8
Q

Streptococci

A

chain of spheres

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9
Q

Tetrad

A

4 coccis in a square

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10
Q

Sarcina

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

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11
Q

Staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters of cocci

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12
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Coccus

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13
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Coccobacillus

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14
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Vibrio (gently curved)

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15
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Bacillus

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16
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Spirillum

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17
Q

Name this bacterial shape

A

Spirochete

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18
Q

Three parts of a flagella

A

Filament; Hook; Basal Body

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19
Q

Flagellin

A

the protein that composes the filament of the flagella

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20
Q

Pilli

A

Projection that helps bacteria to fasten onto surfaces such as host membranes.

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21
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagella

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22
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small bunches or tufts of flagella

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23
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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24
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the cell

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25
26
Chemotaxis
Chemical signals that trigger bacterial movement
27
Runs (movement)
smooth linear movement towards a stimulus
28
Tumbles (movement)
flagellar rotation reverses, causing cell to stop and change its course
29
Fimbriae
short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages up to 1,000/cell; mediate attachment to surfaces
30
Capsule
Outer layer of cell usually composed of polysaccharides; well organized and not easily removed from cell
31
Slime Layer
similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed
32
Glycocalyx
a capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides; used to avoid phagocytosis and for adhesion
33
Clincial Significance of Glycocalyx
Adherence is a major part of infection (staying in), especially in respiratory and urinary tract infections.
34
Function of Glycocalyxes
protection from host defenses (e.g., phagocytosis); protection from harsh environmental conditions (e.g., desiccation) , chemicals or osmotic stress; attachment to surfaces; facilitate motility; nutrient storage
35
Composition of Cell Envelope
cell wall; cell membrane; outer membrane in some bacteria
36
The bacterial cell wall is a protective barrier against...
Osmotic pressure changes and other environmental stressors
37
Gram-Positive Bacteria Stain Color
Blue/purple
38
Gram-Negative Bacteria Stain Color
Pink/red
39
Peptidoglycan
The primary structure of the cell wall; repeating sugars of N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
40
Teichoic Acid
polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups; in the cell wall
41
Wall teichoic acids
go part way through the wall; protrudes above the wall; gram-positive
42
Lipoteichoic acids
go completely through the wall and link to the plasma membrane; protrudes above the wall; gram-positive
43
M Protein
a virulence factor; it protrudes from the cell wall; it is required for infection; it is highly susceptible to mutations; gram-positive
44
Mycolic Acid
found in myobacterium; waxy liquid incorporated into cell wall; **makes cell extremely resistant to environmental stress**; acts as a barrier against antibiotics & host defenses; gram-positive
45
Periplasmic Space
between plasma and cell wall; smaller in gram-positive
46
Exoenzymes
Enzymes secreted by gram-positive bacteria that inflict damage on host's tissues
47
Unique Features of Gram-Positive Wall
Thick peptidoglycan; Phospholipid molecules; one membrane; Teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid
48
lipopolysaccharides
compose the outer membrane of Gram-Negative wall; act as a barrier
49
Phospholipid Molecules
compose the outer wall of the Gram-Positive bacterium
50
Teichoic Acids - present or not present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive?
Gram-negative: absent Gram-positive: present
51
Lipid A
A lipopolysaccharide endotoxin that stimulates fever
52
Unique features of Gram-Negative Wall
Thin peptidoglycan; Lipopolysaccharide; Two membranes; Porins
53
Cytoplasmic Membrane
lipid bilayer with proteins embedded; contains enzymes of respiration and ATP synthesis since prokaryotes lack mitochondria
54
Name differences between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative: Peptidoglycan, Teichoic Acid, Lipids, Outer membrane, Toxins, Sensativity to Antibiotics
55
Six major strucutres found in cell wall
Plasma membrane; Nuclear region; Plasmids; Ribosomes; Inclusion bodies; Endospores
56
Cytoplasm
site of nearly all chemical reactions; contains DNA in nucleoid; 70-80% water; soluble proteins, salts, and carbs
57
Plasma Membranes
Encompasses the cytoplasm
58
Functions of the Plasma Membrane (4)
separation of cell from its environment; selectively permeable barrier; transport systems aid in movement of molecules; detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings with the aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane
59
Phospholipid Layer
Composed of polar heads (phillic) and non-polar heads (phobic)
60
Peripheral Protein
a membrane protein that is loosely associated and easily removed
61
Integral Protein
Membrane protein that is embedded and not easily removed
62
ATP Production occurs...
at the plasma membrane; proteins associated with electron transport are here
63
Name the three types of membrane transport
Osmosis; Passive Transport; Active Transport
64
Osmosis
water chases the concentration of solutes (higher to lower concentration)
65
Simple Diffusion
Type of passive transport; does not require ATP (higher to lower concentration)
66
Facilitated Diffusion
does not require ATP but uses carrier proteins called **permease proteins**
67
Active Transport
requires ATP (against a concentration gradient)
68
Plasmid
single, circular bacterial DNA
69
Nucleoid
Dense area of the prokaryotic cell that contains the DNA
70
S Unit
The unit used to measure ribosomes by their density
71
Small Subunit S Value
30S
72
Large Subunit S Value
50S
73
Overall S value of prokaryotic ribsosome
70S
74
Ribosome is \_\_\_\_\_% rRNA and \_\_\_\_\_\_% protein
60% and 40%
75
S value of Eukaryotic Ribsome
80S
76
Function of Ribosome
Translates mRNA into proteins
77
Inclusion Bodies/Granules
manufactured in response to environment; stores extra nutrients
78
Cytoskeleton
shape of cell mostly determined by peptidoglycan; actin and tubulin are proteins that may also alter cytoskeleton
79
Bacterial Endospores
small, dormant, resistant derivitave of a bacterial cell; heat resistance; spore coats protect against radiation and chemicals

Microbiology (14 decks)

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