Chapter 13: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

Immunocompetence

Answer 1

the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances

Question 2

Antigens and Immunogens

Answer 2

molecules that stimulate a response by B and T lymphocytes

Question 3

2 examples of antigens

Answer 3

(1) protein or polysaccharide molecules on or inside cells and viruses; (2) foreign molecules;

Question 4

Will antibodies produced against one virus work against a different virus?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

True or False: All lymphocytes arise from the same basic

stem cell type.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

B cells mature where?

Answer 6

Bone marrow

Question 7

T cells mature where?

Answer 7

The thymus (located in front of the heart and behind the sternum.)

Question 8

True or False: A few leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.

Answer 8

False: ALL leukocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cells.

Question 9

Leucocytes’ average life span

Answer 9

3-4 days

Question 10

Name the five leukocytes

Answer 10

Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocytes, & Neutrophils

Question 11

Myeloid Progenitor

Answer 11

the cells that create any blood cell that is not a leukocyte

Question 12

Lymphoid Progenitor

Answer 12

the cells that create WBC’s (natural killer cells, B and T lymph cells, and plasma cells)

Question 13

Dendritic Cells

Answer 13

ingest pathogens and present to T lymphocytes

Question 14

Immunoglobulin

Answer 14

large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the antigen receptors of B cells

Question 15

Epitope

Answer 15

the portion of an antigenic molecule to which a lymphocyte responds & primary signal to the immune system that the molecule is foreign

Question 16

Haptens

Answer 16

small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune (drugs); They just “hapten” to slip by

Question 17

Lipoproteins

Answer 17

cell membrane

Question 18

Glycoproteins

Answer 18

blood cell markers

Question 19

Nucleoproteins

Answer 19

DNA complexed to proteins; not pure DNA

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

certain bacterial capsules

Question 21

Lipopolysaccharides

Answer 21

outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Question 22

Natural Immunity

Answer 22

any immunity that is acquired through the normal biological experiences of an individual (get sick, get immunity)

Question 23

Artificial Immunity

Answer 23

protection from infection obtained through medical procedures such as vaccines and immune serum

Question 24

Active Immunity

Answer 24

occurs when an individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce immune substances
such as antibodies (vaccines)

Question 25

Passive Immunity

Answer 25

occurs when an individual receives

antibodies from another human or animal, short-term effectiveness (through breast milk or immune serum)

Question 26

Whole cell or virus vaccines

Answer 26

live, attenuated; or killed cells or inactivated viruses

Question 27

Attenuated

Answer 27

vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable cells or viruses

Question 28

Antigenic Molecules

Answer 28

subunits derived from cultures of cells or viruses; subunits synthesized to mimic natural molecules; manufactured via genetic engineering

Question 29

Conjugated Vaccines

Answer 29

subunits conjugated with proteins to make them more immunogenic; used for young immune systems that have a hard time recognizing foreign microbes

Question 30

Difficult to design vaccines for _________ or _______ viral infections.

Answer 30

latent or persistent

Question 31

DNA Vaccine

Answer 31

microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a recipient; human cells will take up some of the plasmids and express the microbial DNA in the form of proteins; then causes B and T cells to form memory cells; Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 32

Most vaccines are administered via these routes (3)

Answer 32

(1) subcutaneous; (2) intramuscular; (3) intradermal

Question 33

Herd Immunity

Answer 33

a phenomenon in which a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it impossible for the microbe to circulate