Chapter 13: Specific Immunity and Immunization Flashcards
Immunocompetence
the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances
Antigens and Immunogens
molecules that stimulate a response by B and T lymphocytes
2 examples of antigens
(1) protein or polysaccharide molecules on or inside cells and viruses; (2) foreign molecules;
Will antibodies produced against one virus work against a different virus?
No
True or False: All lymphocytes arise from the same basic
stem cell type.
True
B cells mature where?
Bone marrow
T cells mature where?
The thymus (located in front of the heart and behind the sternum.)
True or False: A few leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.
False: ALL leukocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cells.
Leucocytes’ average life span
3-4 days
Name the five leukocytes
Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocytes, & Neutrophils
Myeloid Progenitor
the cells that create any blood cell that is not a leukocyte
Lymphoid Progenitor
the cells that create WBC’s (natural killer cells, B and T lymph cells, and plasma cells)
Dendritic Cells
ingest pathogens and present to T lymphocytes
Immunoglobulin
large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the antigen receptors of B cells
Epitope
the portion of an antigenic molecule to which a lymphocyte responds & primary signal to the immune system that the molecule is foreign
Haptens
small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune (drugs); They just “hapten” to slip by
Lipoproteins
cell membrane
Glycoproteins
blood cell markers
Nucleoproteins
DNA complexed to proteins; not pure DNA
Polysaccharides
certain bacterial capsules
Lipopolysaccharides
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Natural Immunity
any immunity that is acquired through the normal biological experiences of an individual (get sick, get immunity)
Artificial Immunity
protection from infection obtained through medical procedures such as vaccines and immune serum
Active Immunity
occurs when an individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce immune substances
such as antibodies (vaccines)
Passive Immunity
occurs when an individual receives
antibodies from another human or animal, short-term effectiveness (through breast milk or immune serum)
Whole cell or virus vaccines
live, attenuated; or killed cells or inactivated viruses
Attenuated
vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable cells or viruses
Antigenic Molecules
subunits derived from cultures of cells or viruses; subunits synthesized to mimic natural molecules; manufactured via genetic engineering
Conjugated Vaccines
subunits conjugated with proteins to make them more immunogenic; used for young immune systems that have a hard time recognizing foreign microbes
Difficult to design vaccines for _________ or _______ viral infections.
latent or persistent
DNA Vaccine
microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a recipient; human cells will take up some of the plasmids and express the microbial DNA in the form of proteins; then causes B and T cells to form memory cells; Hepatitis B vaccine
Most vaccines are administered via these routes (3)
(1) subcutaneous; (2) intramuscular; (3) intradermal
Herd Immunity
a phenomenon in which a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it impossible for the microbe to circulate
