Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology (PPT) Flashcards
Name the microorganisms
bacteria
algae
protozoa
helminths
Characteristics of viruses are
parasitic
protein-coated genetic elements
dependent on their infected host
connected with the evolution of microbes and humans
Historical uses of microbes
bread production alcohol production cheese production treatment of wounds and lesions-production of antibiotics or secondary metabolites, eg enzymes Bioremediation
Genetic Engineering
an area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
used as a vector to introduce foreign genes into plants
Recombinant DNA Technology
The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product
Pseudomonos
Bacteria used to clean up oil in Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Emerging Diseases
new infectious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis C, and viral encephalitis
Re-emerging Diseases
older diseases such as tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) once thought to be under control are again becoming a serious threat
Helicobacter pylori
Bacteria that cuases stomach ulcers
Louis Pasteur
Used a series of experiments with swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis
Robert Hooke
studied household objects, plants, and trees using a simple magnifying glass
Leeuwenhoeke
manufactured simple microscopes to see the threads in fabrics; observed “animals” in a drop of rainwater; also observed “animalcules” scraped from his and others’ teeth
Joseph Lister
use of aseptic techniques in surgery in the mid-1800s
Ferdinand Cohn
Discovered endospores
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis
Importance of handwashing
Robert Koch
developed a series of postulates that verified the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused
Polymerase Chain Reaction
breakthrough in our ability to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them into quantities sufficient for studying (used in forensic labs and other DNA detections)
Biofilms
Biofilms are accumulations of bacteria and other microbes on surfaces.
Eukaryotes
contain organelles – small, double-membrane- bound structures that perform specific functions in a cell and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
Prokaryotes
about 10 times smaller than eukaryotes; lack organelles; all prokaryotes are microorganisms
Microorganisms from largest to smallest
Helminths
Protozoa
Bacterium
Virus
Characteristics of Cells
Cells tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical, or cylindrical; protoplasm is encased in a cell or cytoplasmic membrane; have chromosomes containing DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis; exceedingly complex in function
Scientific name is a combination of…
scientific name is a combination of the genus and species names
How do you format scientific names (print and handwritten)?
scientific names are italicized when they are written in print and underlined when they are written by hand
How do you format scientific names when abbreviated?
the genus name is abbreviated to the first initial followed by a period and the full species name is written
Organization of taxonomy (largest to smallest)
domain kingdom phylum or division class order family genus species
Darwin and Haeckel
Proposed two kingdoms: plants and animals
Haeckel later added what two kingdoms?
Protista and Monera
Whittaker
Added the kingdom Fungi
Five kingdoms
animals plants protists monera fungi
The Woese-Fox System
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya