Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology (PPT)

Question 1

Name the microorganisms

Answer 1

bacteria
algae
protozoa
helminths

Question 2

Characteristics of viruses are

Answer 2

parasitic
protein-coated genetic elements
dependent on their infected host
connected with the evolution of microbes and humans

Question 3

Historical uses of microbes

Answer 3

bread production
alcohol production 
cheese production
treatment of wounds and lesions-production of antibiotics or secondary metabolites, eg enzymes
Bioremediation

Question 4

Genetic Engineering

Answer 4

an area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Question 5

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Answer 5

used as a vector to introduce foreign genes into plants

Question 6

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 6

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product

Question 7

Pseudomonos

Answer 7

Bacteria used to clean up oil in Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Question 8

Emerging Diseases

Answer 8

new infectious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis C, and viral encephalitis

Question 9

Re-emerging Diseases

Answer 9

older diseases such as tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) once thought to be under control are again becoming a serious threat

Question 10

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 10

Bacteria that cuases stomach ulcers

Question 11

Louis Pasteur

Answer 11

Used a series of experiments with swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis

Question 12

Robert Hooke

Answer 12

studied household objects, plants, and trees using a simple magnifying glass

Question 13

Leeuwenhoeke

Answer 13

manufactured simple microscopes to see the threads in fabrics; observed “animals” in a drop of rainwater; also observed “animalcules” scraped from his and others’ teeth

Question 14

Joseph Lister

Answer 14

use of aseptic techniques in surgery in the mid-1800s

Question 15

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 15

Discovered endospores

Question 16

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 16

Importance of handwashing

Question 17

Robert Koch

Answer 17

developed a series of postulates that verified the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused

Question 18

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 18

breakthrough in our ability to detect tiny amounts of DNA and then amplify them into quantities sufficient for studying (used in forensic labs and other DNA detections)

Question 19

Biofilms

Answer 19

Biofilms are accumulations of bacteria and other microbes on surfaces.

Question 20

Eukaryotes

Answer 20

contain organelles – small, double-membrane- bound structures that perform specific functions in a cell and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Question 21

Prokaryotes

Answer 21

about 10 times smaller than eukaryotes; lack organelles; all prokaryotes are microorganisms

Question 22

Microorganisms from largest to smallest

Answer 22

Helminths
Protozoa
Bacterium
Virus

Question 23

Characteristics of Cells

Answer 23

Cells tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical, or cylindrical; protoplasm is encased in a cell or cytoplasmic membrane; have chromosomes containing DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis; exceedingly complex in function

Question 24

Scientific name is a combination of…

Answer 24

scientific name is a combination of the genus and species names

Question 25

How do you format scientific names (print and handwritten)?

Answer 25

scientific names are italicized when they are written in print and underlined when they are written by hand

Question 26

How do you format scientific names when abbreviated?

Answer 26

the genus name is abbreviated to the first initial followed by a period and the full species name is written

Question 27

Organization of taxonomy (largest to smallest)

Answer 27

``` domain kingdom phylum or division class order family genus species ```

Question 28

Darwin and Haeckel

Answer 28

Proposed two kingdoms: plants and animals

Question 29

Haeckel later added what two kingdoms?

Answer 29

Protista and Monera

Question 30

Whittaker

Answer 30

Added the kingdom Fungi

Question 31

Five kingdoms

Answer 31

``` animals plants protists monera fungi ```

Question 32

The Woese-Fox System

Answer 32

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya