Chapter 14: Disorders in Immunity

Question 1

Immunopathology

Answer 1

the study of disease associated with the overreactivity or

underreactivity of the immune response

Question 2

Hypersensitivity

Answer 2

allergy and autoimmunity; can’t distinguish between self and non-self

Question 3

Hyposensitivity

Answer 3

immune system is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed

Question 4

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 4

allergies such as hay fever, asthma

Question 5

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 5

blood group incompatibility, anemia

Question 6

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 6

rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, rheumatic fever

Question 7

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 7

Infection reactions, contact dermatitis, graft rejection

Question 8

Allergy vs Hypersensitivity

Answer 8

allergy: exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation; hypersensitivity: delayed reactions

Question 9

Atopy

Answer 9

chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

Question 10

Anaphylaxis

Answer 10

systemic, sometimes fatal reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse

Question 11

Percentage of population prone to atopy allergy

Answer 11

10-30%

Question 12

Which substance is more allergenic?
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Fats
D. Nucleic Acids

Answer 12

A. Proteins

Question 13

Inhalants

Answer 13

airborne environmental allergens such as pollen, house dust, dander, or fungal spores

Question 14

Ingestants

Answer 14

allergens that enter by mouth that cause food allergies

Question 15

Injectants

Answer 15

allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee) venom

Question 16

Contactants

Answer 16

allergens that enter through the skin (detergent, latex); many are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities

Question 17

Rales

Answer 17

clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs

Question 18

Most Common Food Allergens (6)

Answer 18

(1) peanuts, (2) fish, (3) cow’s milk, (4) eggs, (5) shellfish, and (6) soybeans; Powerfully Fuzzy Cows Employed Sour Socks.

Question 19

Care should be taken when vaccinating patients with this food allergy

Answer 19

Egg

Question 20

Synthetic Antimicrobials

Answer 20

Sulfa drugs; commonly cause drug allergies

Question 21

Corticosteroids

Answer 21

inhibit activity of lymphocytes

Question 22

Antihistamines

Answer 22

widely used drug for preventing atopic allergy symptoms; bind to histamine receptors

Question 23

Theophylline

Answer 23

bronchodilator that reverses spasms in respiratory smooth muscles

Question 24

Epinephrine

Answer 24

can be taken to reverse constriction of airways and slow the release of allergic mediators

Question 25

Desensitization and Hyposensitization

Answer 25

“allergy” vaccines; allergen preparations include pure, preserved suspensions of plant antigens, venoms, dust mites, dander, and molds

Question 26

Blocking Antibodies

Answer 26

allergen-specific IgG antibodies

Question 27

“Decoy” Vaccine

Answer 27

allergy shot contains an innocuous molecule that resembles a bacterium; stops immune system components from acting inappropriately

Question 28

Rh Factor & it’s clinical significance

Answer 28

type of protein on RBC’s; most people are Rh+; those who are Rh- may have an “allergic reaction” to their Rh+ baby when they are pregnant; reaction causes fetus to become anemic

Question 29

fatal hemolytic disease of the

newborn (HDN)

Answer 29

maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta, affix to fetal RBCs, and cause complement-mediated lysis

Question 30

RhoGAM antiserum

Answer 30

For Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus; must be given with each pregnancy (serums are passive immunity)

Question 31

Immune Complex Reaction

Answer 31

produces free floating complexes that are deposited into tissues
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Question 32

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus)

Answer 32

name originated from the characteristic butterfly-shaped rash that drapes across the nose and cheeks

Question 33

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 33

causes progressive, debilitating damage to the joints and at times to the lungs, eyes, skin, and nervous system

Question 34

Graves’ Disease

Answer 34

attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the thyroid gland; causes overproduction of thyroid hormones

Question 35

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 35

paralyzing neuromuscular disease associated with lesions on the myelin sheath of nerves and white matter of the nervous system; autoimmunity of endocrine system

Question 36

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Answer 36

present at birth (congenital), usually stemming from genetic errors

Question 37

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

Answer 37

acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents; most common is AIDS

Question 38

Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies

Answer 38

Most serious form of immunodeficiency involve dysfunction in both lymphocyte systems; infants with SCID usually develop candidiasis, sepsis, pneumonia, or systemic viral infections within days after birth

Question 39

SCID Treatment

Answer 39

Only serious option for long term survival is total replacement or correction of lymphoid cells

Question 40

Causes of secondary immunodeficiency (4)

Answer 40

(1) infection; (2) organic disease; (3) chemotherapy; (4) radiation

Question 41

Leukemia (role in immunity malfunction)

Answer 41

cancer cells outnumber normal cells, displacing them from bone marrow and blood

Question 42

Plasma Cell Tumors (role in immunity malfunction)

Answer 42

produce large amounts of nonfunctional antibodies

Question 43

Thymus Gland Tumors (role in immunity malfunction)

Answer 43

cause severe T-cell deficiencies