Chapter 14: Disorders in Immunity Flashcards
Immunopathology
the study of disease associated with the overreactivity or
underreactivity of the immune response
Hypersensitivity
allergy and autoimmunity; can’t distinguish between self and non-self
Hyposensitivity
immune system is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed
Type 1 hypersensitivity
allergies such as hay fever, asthma
Type 2 hypersensitivity
blood group incompatibility, anemia
Type 3 hypersensitivity
rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, rheumatic fever
Type 4 hypersensitivity
Infection reactions, contact dermatitis, graft rejection
Allergy vs Hypersensitivity
allergy: exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation; hypersensitivity: delayed reactions
Atopy
chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma
Anaphylaxis
systemic, sometimes fatal reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse
Percentage of population prone to atopy allergy
10-30%
Which substance is more allergenic? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C. Fats D. Nucleic Acids
A. Proteins
Inhalants
airborne environmental allergens such as pollen, house dust, dander, or fungal spores
Ingestants
allergens that enter by mouth that cause food allergies
Injectants
allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee) venom
Contactants
allergens that enter through the skin (detergent, latex); many are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities
Rales
clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lungs
Most Common Food Allergens (6)
(1) peanuts, (2) fish, (3) cow’s milk, (4) eggs, (5) shellfish, and (6) soybeans; Powerfully Fuzzy Cows Employed Sour Socks.
Care should be taken when vaccinating patients with this food allergy
Egg
Synthetic Antimicrobials
Sulfa drugs; commonly cause drug allergies
Corticosteroids
inhibit activity of lymphocytes
Antihistamines
widely used drug for preventing atopic allergy symptoms; bind to histamine receptors
Theophylline
bronchodilator that reverses spasms in respiratory smooth muscles
Epinephrine
can be taken to reverse constriction of airways and slow the release of allergic mediators
Desensitization and Hyposensitization
“allergy” vaccines; allergen preparations include pure, preserved suspensions of plant antigens, venoms, dust mites, dander, and molds
Blocking Antibodies
allergen-specific IgG antibodies
“Decoy” Vaccine
allergy shot contains an innocuous molecule that resembles a bacterium; stops immune system components from acting inappropriately
Rh Factor & it’s clinical significance
type of protein on RBC’s; most people are Rh+; those who are Rh- may have an “allergic reaction” to their Rh+ baby when they are pregnant; reaction causes fetus to become anemic
fatal hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN)
maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta, affix to fetal RBCs, and cause complement-mediated lysis
RhoGAM antiserum
For Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus; must be given with each pregnancy (serums are passive immunity)
Immune Complex Reaction
produces free floating complexes that are deposited into tissues
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus)
name originated from the characteristic butterfly-shaped rash that drapes across the nose and cheeks
Rheumatoid Arthritis
causes progressive, debilitating damage to the joints and at times to the lungs, eyes, skin, and nervous system
Graves’ Disease
attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting follicle cells of the thyroid gland; causes overproduction of thyroid hormones
Multiple Sclerosis
paralyzing neuromuscular disease associated with lesions on the myelin sheath of nerves and white matter of the nervous system; autoimmunity of endocrine system
Primary Immunodeficiencies
present at birth (congenital), usually stemming from genetic errors
Secondary Immunodeficiencies
acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents; most common is AIDS
Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies
Most serious form of immunodeficiency involve dysfunction in both lymphocyte systems; infants with SCID usually develop candidiasis, sepsis, pneumonia, or systemic viral infections within days after birth
SCID Treatment
Only serious option for long term survival is total replacement or correction of lymphoid cells
Causes of secondary immunodeficiency (4)
(1) infection; (2) organic disease; (3) chemotherapy; (4) radiation
Leukemia (role in immunity malfunction)
cancer cells outnumber normal cells, displacing them from bone marrow and blood
Plasma Cell Tumors (role in immunity malfunction)
produce large amounts of nonfunctional antibodies
Thymus Gland Tumors (role in immunity malfunction)
cause severe T-cell deficiencies
