Chapter 12: Host Defenses

Question 1

First Line of Defense

Answer 1

any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry; limits access to the internal tissues of the body; not considered a true immune response (too general)

Question 2

Second Line of Defense

Answer 2

internalized system of protective cells and fluids; includes inflammation and phagocytosis; acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels

Question 3

Third Line of Defense

Answer 3

acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes; the reaction with each different microbe produces unique protective substances; provides long-term immunity

Question 4

Major components of first line of defense (3)

Answer 4

(1) physical barriers; (2) chemical barriers; (3) genetic components

Question 5

Major components of second line of defense (4)

Answer 5

(1) phagocytosis; (2) inflammation; (3) fever; (4) antimicrobial proteins

Question 6

Major components of third line of defense (2)

Answer 6

(1) B-cells; (2) T-cells

Question 7

Physical barrier’s on the body’s surface (5)

Answer 7

(1) Skin; (2) Hair shaft; (3) Sweat; (4) Mucous membranes; (5) Respiratory tract

Question 8

Genitourinary tract (how does it protect?)

Answer 8

protection through continuous trickle of urine; bladder emptying; vaginal secretions

Question 9

Lysozyme

Answer 9

an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

Question 10

Chemical defenses of sweat

Answer 10

sebaceous secretions; high lactic acid

Question 11

Chemical defenses of skin

Answer 11

acidic pH; fatty acid content

Question 12

Stomach and Intestines chemical defenses

Answer 12

HCL in the stomach; digestive juices in the intestines

Question 13

Male and Female genitalia chemical defenses

Answer 13

semen is antimicrobial; vagina has acidic pH due to normal biota

Question 14

Immunology

Answer 14

the study of all features of the body’s second and third lines of defense, study of the body’s response to infectious agents, study of allergies and cancer

Question 15

The Reticuloendothelial System

Answer 15

a support network of connective tissue fibers surrounding all organs; heavily endowed with macrophages

Question 16

The Circulatory System

Answer 16

WBC’s circulate through the blood and fuck shit up

Question 17

The Lymphatic System

Answer 17

Filters lymph through vessel like routes and destroys microbes

Question 18

Hematopoiesis

Answer 18

production of RBC’s

Question 19

Stem Cells

Answer 19

during development, stem cells proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 20

Whole blood consists of these three parts

Answer 20

blood cells; plasma; serum (used in immune testing; no clotting factors)

Question 21

Location of lymph nodes (3)

Answer 21

(1) armpit (axillary nodes), (2) groin (inguinal nodes), (3) neck (cervical nodes)

Question 22

Lymphatic fluid contains all of the following except

A. white blood cells.
B. extracellular fluid.
C. red blood cells.
D. cellular debris.
E. infectious agents.

Answer 22

C. red blood cells

Question 23

General activities of phagocytosis (3)

Answer 23

(1) survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells;
(2) ingest and eliminate these materials; (3) extract immunogenic information

Question 24

Neutrophils

Answer 24

React early in the inflammatory response to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damaged tissue

Question 25

Monocytes

Answer 25

are transformed into macrophages after they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues

Question 26

Interferon

Answer 26

A small protein produced naturally by certain white blood and tissue cells; defense against microbes and immune regulation