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Surgery > Chapter 3 - Powerpoint Condensed > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Powerpoint Condensed Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Anticholinergic? What is its primary use? Give 1 example of an Anticholinergic

A

An adjunct used to prevent/treat bradycardia and decrease salivary secretions arising from parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine and Glycopyrrolate are 2 examples

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2
Q

When using _______ drugs, mydriasis can be seen often in feline patients

A

Anticholinergics

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3
Q

Anticholinergics work by blocking _______ receptors so that Acetylcholine cannot bind

A

Muscarinic

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4
Q

Why is bronchodilation as an adverse effect such a concern?

A

It increases dead space therefore increasing risk of hypoxemia

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5
Q

Anticholinergics can cause first or second degree AV block and then sinus tachycardia. Would this drug be dangerous to use in horses?

A

It is often used in horses because they can have natural 2nd degree heart block

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6
Q

When would Anticholinergics be contraindicated in small animals?

A

Small animals with cardiovascular issues, especially fast heart rates

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7
Q

What are the 4 categories of Tranquilizers/Sedatives?

A

Benzodiazepines, Alpha-2 Antagonists, Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists, Phenothiazines

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8
Q

What are the 2 main reasons we use Phenothiazines? What is 1 example of a Phenothiazines?

A

to protect against cardiac arrhythmia and as an antiemetic. An example is Acepromazine

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9
Q

What is the main purpose of Benzodiazepine drugs? What kind of animal are they not effective in? Give an example of a Benzodiazepine

A

Minor tranquilization and muscle relaxation. Not effective in young, healthy animals. Diazepam and Midazolam are Benzodiazepines.

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10
Q

Diazepam can be given IM or PO, but it is recommended to administer IV. Why is this?

A

Diazepam is painful IM. It can cause hepatic failure in cats if given orally.

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11
Q

Why are Benzodiazepines more safe than other Tranquilizers?

A

They have minimal cardiovascular effects

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12
Q

What is an advantage of using an Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist? Give an example of one.

A

They are easily reversible and have mild analgesic properties. Xylazine and Dexdematomadine are Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists

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13
Q

T or F. Xylazine can cause temporary behaviour changes

A

true

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14
Q

Xylazine has been largely replaced by the drug _______

A

Dexmedatomidine

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15
Q

What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Dexmedatomidine? (Dexdomitor)

A

Atimepazole

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16
Q

What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Xylazine?

A

Yohimbine

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17
Q

What is the reversal dose when giving Xylazine in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs - 10:1

Cats: 2:1

18
Q

T or F. When giving an Antagonist to reverse the effects of the Agonist at a dose of 10:1, we would give 10x as much Antagonist as we did Agonist.

A

False. 10:1 means the dose of the Antagonist is 1/10th the dose of the Agonist

19
Q

What is the reversal dose when giving Atipamezole in Dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: 1:1
Cats: 1:5

20
Q

Opioids bind to one of what 3 receptors?

A

Mu, Kappa and Delta

21
Q

The most potent opioids such as Fentanyl and Hydromorphone bind to what type of receptor?

A

Mu

22
Q

What 3 categories of opioids exist?

A

Agonist, Partial Agonist, Agonist-Antagonist

23
Q

T or F. Opioids cause miosis in dogs and mydriasis in cats.

A

True

24
Q

What are 2 examples of Agonistic Opioids?

A

Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, Meperidine, Atropine, Carfentanil

25
Q

What is an example of a Partial Agonistic Opioid?

A

Burenorphine

26
Q

What is an example of an Agonist-Antagonistic Opioid?

A

Butorphanol or Nalbuphine

27
Q

What is the Pure Antagonist of Opioids?

A

Naloxone

28
Q

T or F: Pre-Anesthetic medications are given 20 minutes prior to induction drugs in order to sedate and make a smooth induction/recovery

A

True

29
Q

T or F. Opthalmic lubricating ointment does not need to be used more than once during anesthesia when using Anticholinergic drugs

A

False. It should be applied every hour

30
Q

What category of Tranquilizer/Sedative would we use for pre-anesthetic sedation? Give an example of a drug in this category

A

Phenothiazines. Acepromazine is an example

31
Q

T or F. Acepromazine has an effective Antagonist (Reversal agent)

A

False

32
Q

What is the main adverse effect of Acepromazine?

A

hypotension

33
Q

T or F. Acepromazine sedation is more prominent in cats.

A

False. It is less prominent in cats.

34
Q

Acepromazine is contraindicated in epileptic patients. Why is this?

A

It decreases the seizure threshold - making seizures more likely

35
Q

Which drug type increases the seizure threshold, making seizures less likely or stopping seizures while happening?

A

Benzodiazepines (Valium is the drug of choice)

36
Q

Acepromazine causes significant hypotenson when given as a pre-anesthetic to what anesthetic agent?

A

Isoflurane

37
Q

It is not recommended to use Acepromazine in what dog breeds due to predisposition to severe Hypotension and Bradycardia?

A

Giant breeds, boxers and greyhounds

38
Q

Cats and ______ are more resistant to the effects of Acepromazine

A

terriers

39
Q

Large breed dogs require ________ dose of Acepromazine than small breed dogs

A

less

40
Q

What 3 desired effects do we achieve with the use of Alpha2 Agonists?

A

Sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation

41
Q

Why do we give Anticholinergics 30 minutes in advance to using Alpha2 Agonists?

A

Anticholinergics cause bradycardia in early stages, and Alpha-2 Agonists cause bradycardia. If we give Anticholinergics prior to Alpha-2’s, the bradycardia phase will be done by the time we give Alpha-2. At this point, Anticholinergics actually increase heart rate

Surgery (11 decks)

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