Chapter 3 - Powerpoint Condensed Flashcards
What is an Anticholinergic? What is its primary use? Give 1 example of an Anticholinergic
An adjunct used to prevent/treat bradycardia and decrease salivary secretions arising from parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine and Glycopyrrolate are 2 examples
When using _______ drugs, mydriasis can be seen often in feline patients
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergics work by blocking _______ receptors so that Acetylcholine cannot bind
Muscarinic
Why is bronchodilation as an adverse effect such a concern?
It increases dead space therefore increasing risk of hypoxemia
Anticholinergics can cause first or second degree AV block and then sinus tachycardia. Would this drug be dangerous to use in horses?
It is often used in horses because they can have natural 2nd degree heart block
When would Anticholinergics be contraindicated in small animals?
Small animals with cardiovascular issues, especially fast heart rates
What are the 4 categories of Tranquilizers/Sedatives?
Benzodiazepines, Alpha-2 Antagonists, Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists, Phenothiazines
What are the 2 main reasons we use Phenothiazines? What is 1 example of a Phenothiazines?
to protect against cardiac arrhythmia and as an antiemetic. An example is Acepromazine
What is the main purpose of Benzodiazepine drugs? What kind of animal are they not effective in? Give an example of a Benzodiazepine
Minor tranquilization and muscle relaxation. Not effective in young, healthy animals. Diazepam and Midazolam are Benzodiazepines.
Diazepam can be given IM or PO, but it is recommended to administer IV. Why is this?
Diazepam is painful IM. It can cause hepatic failure in cats if given orally.
Why are Benzodiazepines more safe than other Tranquilizers?
They have minimal cardiovascular effects
What is an advantage of using an Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist? Give an example of one.
They are easily reversible and have mild analgesic properties. Xylazine and Dexdematomadine are Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists
T or F. Xylazine can cause temporary behaviour changes
true
Xylazine has been largely replaced by the drug _______
Dexmedatomidine
What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Dexmedatomidine? (Dexdomitor)
Atimepazole
What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Xylazine?
Yohimbine
What is the reversal dose when giving Xylazine in dogs? Cats?
Dogs - 10:1
Cats: 2:1
T or F. When giving an Antagonist to reverse the effects of the Agonist at a dose of 10:1, we would give 10x as much Antagonist as we did Agonist.
False. 10:1 means the dose of the Antagonist is 1/10th the dose of the Agonist
What is the reversal dose when giving Atipamezole in Dogs? Cats?
Dogs: 1:1
Cats: 1:5
Opioids bind to one of what 3 receptors?
Mu, Kappa and Delta
The most potent opioids such as Fentanyl and Hydromorphone bind to what type of receptor?
Mu
What 3 categories of opioids exist?
Agonist, Partial Agonist, Agonist-Antagonist
T or F. Opioids cause miosis in dogs and mydriasis in cats.
True
What are 2 examples of Agonistic Opioids?
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, Meperidine, Atropine, Carfentanil
What is an example of a Partial Agonistic Opioid?
Burenorphine
What is an example of an Agonist-Antagonistic Opioid?
Butorphanol or Nalbuphine
What is the Pure Antagonist of Opioids?
Naloxone
T or F: Pre-Anesthetic medications are given 20 minutes prior to induction drugs in order to sedate and make a smooth induction/recovery
True
T or F. Opthalmic lubricating ointment does not need to be used more than once during anesthesia when using Anticholinergic drugs
False. It should be applied every hour
What category of Tranquilizer/Sedative would we use for pre-anesthetic sedation? Give an example of a drug in this category
Phenothiazines. Acepromazine is an example
T or F. Acepromazine has an effective Antagonist (Reversal agent)
False
What is the main adverse effect of Acepromazine?
hypotension
T or F. Acepromazine sedation is more prominent in cats.
False. It is less prominent in cats.
Acepromazine is contraindicated in epileptic patients. Why is this?
It decreases the seizure threshold - making seizures more likely
Which drug type increases the seizure threshold, making seizures less likely or stopping seizures while happening?
Benzodiazepines (Valium is the drug of choice)
Acepromazine causes significant hypotenson when given as a pre-anesthetic to what anesthetic agent?
Isoflurane
It is not recommended to use Acepromazine in what dog breeds due to predisposition to severe Hypotension and Bradycardia?
Giant breeds, boxers and greyhounds
Cats and ______ are more resistant to the effects of Acepromazine
terriers
Large breed dogs require ________ dose of Acepromazine than small breed dogs
less
What 3 desired effects do we achieve with the use of Alpha2 Agonists?
Sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation
Why do we give Anticholinergics 30 minutes in advance to using Alpha2 Agonists?
Anticholinergics cause bradycardia in early stages, and Alpha-2 Agonists cause bradycardia. If we give Anticholinergics prior to Alpha-2’s, the bradycardia phase will be done by the time we give Alpha-2. At this point, Anticholinergics actually increase heart rate
