Chapter 3 - Powerpoint Condensed Flashcards
What is an Anticholinergic? What is its primary use? Give 1 example of an Anticholinergic
An adjunct used to prevent/treat bradycardia and decrease salivary secretions arising from parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine and Glycopyrrolate are 2 examples
When using _______ drugs, mydriasis can be seen often in feline patients
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergics work by blocking _______ receptors so that Acetylcholine cannot bind
Muscarinic
Why is bronchodilation as an adverse effect such a concern?
It increases dead space therefore increasing risk of hypoxemia
Anticholinergics can cause first or second degree AV block and then sinus tachycardia. Would this drug be dangerous to use in horses?
It is often used in horses because they can have natural 2nd degree heart block
When would Anticholinergics be contraindicated in small animals?
Small animals with cardiovascular issues, especially fast heart rates
What are the 4 categories of Tranquilizers/Sedatives?
Benzodiazepines, Alpha-2 Antagonists, Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists, Phenothiazines
What are the 2 main reasons we use Phenothiazines? What is 1 example of a Phenothiazines?
to protect against cardiac arrhythmia and as an antiemetic. An example is Acepromazine
What is the main purpose of Benzodiazepine drugs? What kind of animal are they not effective in? Give an example of a Benzodiazepine
Minor tranquilization and muscle relaxation. Not effective in young, healthy animals. Diazepam and Midazolam are Benzodiazepines.
Diazepam can be given IM or PO, but it is recommended to administer IV. Why is this?
Diazepam is painful IM. It can cause hepatic failure in cats if given orally.
Why are Benzodiazepines more safe than other Tranquilizers?
They have minimal cardiovascular effects
What is an advantage of using an Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonist? Give an example of one.
They are easily reversible and have mild analgesic properties. Xylazine and Dexdematomadine are Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists
T or F. Xylazine can cause temporary behaviour changes
true
Xylazine has been largely replaced by the drug _______
Dexmedatomidine
What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Dexmedatomidine? (Dexdomitor)
Atimepazole
What is the corresponding Alpha-2 Antagonist of Xylazine?
Yohimbine
What is the reversal dose when giving Xylazine in dogs? Cats?
Dogs - 10:1
Cats: 2:1
T or F. When giving an Antagonist to reverse the effects of the Agonist at a dose of 10:1, we would give 10x as much Antagonist as we did Agonist.
False. 10:1 means the dose of the Antagonist is 1/10th the dose of the Agonist
What is the reversal dose when giving Atipamezole in Dogs? Cats?
Dogs: 1:1
Cats: 1:5
Opioids bind to one of what 3 receptors?
Mu, Kappa and Delta
The most potent opioids such as Fentanyl and Hydromorphone bind to what type of receptor?
Mu
What 3 categories of opioids exist?
Agonist, Partial Agonist, Agonist-Antagonist
T or F. Opioids cause miosis in dogs and mydriasis in cats.
True
What are 2 examples of Agonistic Opioids?
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, Meperidine, Atropine, Carfentanil
