Chapter 3 - Perceiving Ourselves and Others in Organizations Flashcards
1
Q
What refers to an individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations?
A
Self-concept
2
Q
What are the 3 characteristics that describe a person’s self-concept?
A
Complexity, consistency, and clarity
3
Q
What refers to the number of distant and important roles that people perceive about themselves?
A
Complexity
4
Q
What are the 4 processes that shape self-concept?
A
- Self-enhancement
- Self-verification
- Self-evaluation
- Social Self
5
Q
What is a person’s inherent motivation to have a positive self-concept?
A
Self-enhancement
6
Q
What is a person’s inherent motivation to confirm and maintain their existing self-concept?
A
Self-verification
7
Q
What provides an important anchor that guides a person’s thoughts and actions?
A
Self-verification
8
Q
What characteristic is an agreement between roles and personality traits, values?
A
Consistency
9
Q
What characteristic is a clear, confidently defined, stable self-concept?
A
Clarity
10
Q
Fill in the Blank:
A person’s psychological well-being tends to be higher when complexity, consistency, and clarity are all ___
A
High
11
Q
What are the 3 elements of self-evaluation?
A
- Self-esteem
- Self-efficacy
- Locus of control
12
Q
What is a person’s belief that they have the ability, motivation, correct role perceptions, and favorable situation to complete a task successfully?
A
Self-efficacy
13
Q
What is the extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves?
A
Self-esteem
14
Q
What is a person’s perception regarding the MARS model in a specific situation?
A
Self-efficacy
15
Q
Fill in the Blank:
People with a higher general self-efficiency have a more ________ overall self-evaluation
A
Positive
16
Q
What is a person’s general belief about the amount of control they have over personal life events?
A
Locus of control
17
Q
True or False:
Those with more a an external locus of control believe events in their life are mainly due to fate, luck, or condition in the external environment
A
True
18
Q
Is low or high self-esteem less influenced by others, more persistent, and more logical?
A
High self-esteem
19
Q
What is strongly related to learning, motivation, and self-management?
A
Self-efficacy
20
Q
Fill in the Blank:
People with an _______ locus of control tend to have positive self-evaluation
A
Internal locus of control
21
Q
Fill in the Blank:
Moderately strong _______ locus promotes higher work motivation, job satisfaction, and better response to stressors
A
Internal locus
22
Q
What consists of attributes that make us unique and distinct from people in the social groups to which we have a connection?
A
Personal identity
23
Q
What is the central theme of the social identity theory?
A
Social identity
24
Q
What is a theory stating that people define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment?
A
The social identity theory
25
What is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us?
Perception
26
What is the process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information?
Selective attention
27
What is influenced by characteristics of the person or object being perceived?
Selective attention
28
What is the process of screening out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions and to more readily accept confirming information?
Confirmation bias
29
What does perception say that people are?
Cognitive misers
30
# Fill in the Blanks:
People have a need for _______________ and will use _______________ to maintain consistency
1. Cognitive consistency
| 2. Perceptual defenses
31
# Fill in the Blanks:
Perception can involve both _________ and _________ processes
1. Automatic
| 2. Controlled
32
True or False:
We begin to form impressions relatively early based on little information
True
33
What is the process of ignoring or distorting information to make it less threatening to us?
Perceptual defense
34
# Fill in the Blank:
Our __________ leads us to look for certain information and be less aware of other information
Expectations
35
What is organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory?
Categorical thinking
36
What are knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us?
Mental models
37
What are 3 automatic perceptual grouping principles that categorical thinking relies on?
1. Similarity and proximity
2. Closure
3. Perceiving trends
38
What permits easier, faster interpretation?
Categorization
39
What can lead to inaccurate perceptions?
Categorization
40
What is the process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category?
Stereotyping
41
What are the 3 reasons why people engage in stereotyping?
1. It's a natural and nonconscious energy saving process that simplifies our understanding of the world
2. We need to anticipate how others will behave
3. We are motivated to by self-enhancement and our own social identity
42
What is the identification with social group’s values, norms, beliefs, practices?
Social identity
43
What are the 3 processes that the social identity process involves?
1. Categorization
2. Homogenization
3. Differentiation
44
# Fill in the Blanks:
Social identity tends to promote _______ in-group bias and _______ out-group bias
1. Positive
| 2. Negative
45
What is the process of putting people into distinct groups?
Categorization
46
What is the process of thinking that people within a group are similar to each other?
Homogenization
47
What is the process of assigning more favorable characteristics to people in our groups than people in other groups?
Differentiation
48
What is differentiation motivated by?
Self-enhancement
49
What is it when decision makers rely on stereotypes to establish notions of the "ideal" person in specific roles?
Unintentional discrimination
50
What is it when people hold unfound negative attitudes toward people belonging to a particular stereotyped group?
Intentional discrimination
51
Why do stereotypes tend to be resistant to change?
Perceptual processes maintain and reinforce stereotypes
52
# Fill in the Blanks:
It is difficult to prevent the ________ of stereotypes but organizations can help employees inhibit the ________ of stereotypes
1. Activation
| 2. Application
53
What are the 4 main practices used to improve social perception?
1. Self-awareness of bias
2. Appropriate diversity training
3. Meaningful Interaction
4. Decision-Making Accountability
54
What is the perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or external factors?
Attribution process
55
Are characteristics of the person internal or external factors?
Internal factors
56
Are characteristics of the environmental internal or external factors?
External factors
57
What are the 3 attribution rules that people rely on to decide if someone's actions are caused by internal or external factors?
1. Consistency
2. Distinctiveness
3. Consensus
58
What is the perception that outcomes are due to motivation/ability rather than situation or fate?
Internal Attribution
59
What is the perception that outcomes are due to situation or luck/fate rather than the person?
External Attribution
60
# Fill in the Blanks:
Internal attribution has ___ consistency, ___ distinctiveness, and ___ consensus
1. High
2. Low
3. Low
61
# Fill in the Blanks:
External attribution has ___ consistency, ___ distinctiveness, and ___ consensus
1. Low
2. High
3. High
62
What is the tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of the person's behavior?
Fundamental Attribution Error
63
# Fill in the Blank:
________ attribution is behavior that is attributed to personal factors
Internal attribution
64
# Fill in the Blank:
________ attribution is behavior that is attributed to situational factors
External attribution
65
What is the tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors?
Self-serving bias
66
What is the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act more consistently with those expectations?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
67
In what 3 instances is the self-fulfilling prophecy effect the strongest?
1. At the beginning of the relationship
2. When several people express similar expectations about the person
3. When the employee has low rather than high past achievement
68
What is a perspective of organizational behavior that focuses on building positive qualities and traits within individuals or institutions as opposed to focusing on what is wrong with them?
Positive organizational behavior
69
What are 2 ways to promote positive self-fulfilling prophecy?
1. Communicating hope and optimism
| 2. Hiring supervisors who are optimistic toward the staff
70
What 3 things does positive self-fulfilling prophecy emphasize?
Optimism, self-efficacy, and learning.
71
What does positive self-fulfilling prophecy strongly promote?
A learning/development environment
72
What occurs when our general impression of a person distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person?
The halo effect
73
What occurs when people overestimate the extent to which others have similar beliefs or behaviors to our own?
The false-consensus effect
74
What is a perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information we receive about them?
The primary effect
75
What occur when the most recent information dominates our perceptions of others?
The recency effect
76
What is an individual's ability to perceive, appreciate, and emphasize with people from other cultures, and to process complex cross-cultural information?
Global mindset
77
What is a theory that explains employee behavior in terms of the antecedent conditions and consequences of that behavior?
Organizational behavior modification
78
What are events preceding the behavior, informing employees that a particular action will produce specific consequences?
Antecedents
79
What are the 3 steps of the ABC analysis?
1. Antecedents
2. Behavior
3. Consequences
80
What are events following a particular behavior that influences its future occurrence?
Consequences
81
What refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of a person’s interaction with the environment?
Learning
82
What are the 5 steps of organizational behavior mod?
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Measure frequency of behaviors
3. Conduct A-B-C analysis
4. Develop and introduce intervention strategy
5. Evaluate effectiveness of intervention strategy
83
What are the 4 consequences that the organizational behavior modification identifies?
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Punishment
3. Extinction
4. Negative reinforcement
84
What occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a specific behavior?
Positive reinforcement
85
What occurs when a consequence decreases the frequency or future probability of a specific behavior occurring?
Punishment
86
What occurs when the target behavior decreases because no consequence follows it?
Extinction
87
What occurs when the removal or avoidance of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a specific behavior?
Negative reinforcement
88
What is the most effective reinforcement schedule for learning new tasks?
Continuous reinforcement
89
What provides positive reinforcement after every occurrence of the desired behavior?
Continuous reinforcement
90
What is a theory that explains how learning and motivation occur by observing and modeling others as well as by anticipating the consequences of other behavior?
The social cognitive theory
91
What are the 3 main components of the social cognitive theory?
1. Behavior modeling
2. Learning behavior consequences
3. Self-regulation
92
# Fill in the Blanks:
Behavior modeling should be _______ and _______
Systematic and interactive
93
What does behavior modeling increase?
Self-efficacy
94
How do people learn behavior modeling?
By imitating and practicing their behaviors
95
How do people learn behavior consequences?
By observing or hearing about what happened to other people
96
What is reinforcement that occurs when an employee has control over a reinforcer but doesn't "take" it until completing a self-set goal?
Self-reinforcement
97
How do people learn self-regulation?
By managing their learning environment
98
# Fill in the Blank:
Self-regulation _______ a person's own positive behavior with positive consequences
Reinforces
99
What is central to learning?
Self-efficacy
100
What is breaking down the complex task into parts and modeling each part?
Guided mastery
101
What are 5 ways that self-efficacy can be built?
1. Guided mastery
2. Providing learning feedback during practice
3. Reducing stressors and providing strategies for overcoming obstacles
4. Providing opportunities for new skills to be used, where there is a strong chance for success
5. Reminding learner of how their KSAs led to accomplishments on other tasks
102
# Fill in the Blank:
Self-efficacy can be built by providing _____________ during practice
Learning feedback
103
# Fill in the Blanks:
Self-efficacy can be built by ______________ and ________________ for overcoming obstacles
Reducing stressors and providing strategies
104
# Fill in the Blanks:
Self-efficacy can be built by providing __________ for new skills to be used, where there is a strong chance for ______
1. Opportunities
| 2. Success
105
# Fill in the Blanks:
Self-efficacy can be built by reminding learner of how their ____ led to ______________ on other tasks
1. KSAs
| 2. Accomplishments
106
Which of the following concepts refers to the person's self-beliefs and self-evaluations?
A. Personality
B. Social identity
C. Self-concept
D. Attribution
C. Self-concept
107
True or False:
Self-enhancement in regard to self-concept refers to the tendency of individuals to strive to improve their performance
False
108
A person's general beliefs about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events refers specifically to:
A. Self-esteem
B. Self-efficacy
C. Self-confidence
D. Locus of control
D. Locus of control
109
Categorization, homogenization, and differentiation are activities in:
A. Attribution process
B. Social identity process
C. Self-fulfilling prophecy
D. Mental models
B. Social identity process
110
This model explicitly addresses disclosure and feedback as means to improve mutual understanding and self-awareness.
A. Contact hypothesis
B. Social Cognitive Theory of Learning
C. Johari Window
D. Attribution theory
C. Johari Window
111
The self-serving attribution is closely associated with:
A. The self-enhancement motive of self-concept
B. Social learning
C. Self-fulfilling prophesy
D. The recency effect.
A. The self-enhancement motive of self-concept
112
Social Identity Theory helps explain two forms of bias: bias against those in opposing groups and _____.
A. The halo effect
B. The recency effect
C. The primacy effect
D. Preference for those in your own group
D. Preference for those in your own group
113
Mental models are a form of:
A. Stereotype
B. Social identity
C. Perceptual organization
D. None of the above
C. Perceptual organization
114
The theory stating that the more we interact with someone the less perceptually biased we will be against that person refers to:
A. Johari Window
B. Disclosure
C. Contact Hypothesis
D. Social Identity Theory
C. Contact Hypothesis
115
True or False:
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute our favorable outcomes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
False
116
The contact hypothesis is most closely associated with:
A. Attribution process
B. Meaningful interaction
C. Self-fulfilling prophecy
D. Self-awareness
B. Meaningful interaction
117
Consistency, Distinctiveness, and Consensus refer to:
A. Self-concept
B. Attribution rules
C. Social identity process
D. Perceptual organization tendencies
B. Attribution rules
118
What is a theory stating that the more we interact with someone the less perceptually biased we will be against that person?
Contact hypothesis
119
What is a theory that explains how learning and motivation occur by observing and modeling others as well as by anticipating the consequences of our behavior?
Social Cognitive Theory of Learning
120
What is a model of mutual understanding that encourages disclosure and feedback to improve mutual understanding and self-awareness?
Johari Window
121
Organizations can encourage positive self-fulfilling prophecy by encouraging supervisors and team leaders to:
A. Guess which new employees will succeed and who will fail during the first year of employment.
B. Reward the successful employees and discipline the unsuccessful employees.
C. Emphasize employee learning in addition to task performance.
D. Provide resources to those employees who contribute the most to the team or department.
E. Closely monitor the behavior of lower performing employees.
C. Emphasize employee learning in addition to task performance.
122
Self-efficacy for performing a difficult new task tends to increase the most:
A. When employees participate in behavior modification programs.
B. When employees learn new behaviors through behavior modeling.
C. When the employees are told they will receive a reward after successfully completing the task.
D. When many people will watch them perform the task.
E. All of the above actions would tend to decrease self-efficacy.
B. When employees learn new behaviors through behavior modeling.
123
What is the strongest way that self-efficacy can be built?
Guided mastery
