Chapter 2 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values Flashcards
What are the 4 key variables in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior?
- Motivation
- Ability
- Role perceptions
- Situational factors
Which of the 4 key variables in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior is an external variable?
Situational factors
What represents the forces within a person that affect their direction, integrity, and persistence of voluntary behavior?
Motivation
What refers to the path along which people steer their efforts?
Direction
What is the amount of effort put in to reach the goal?
Integrity
What is the amount of time that people continue to put in effort?
Persistence
What are the 3 elements of motivation?
- Direction
- Integrity
- Persistence
Is motivation the force that exists within individuals or their actual behavior?
It’s the force that exists within individuals
What includes the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task?
Ability
Fill in the Blank: Learned/Natural
Ability includes the _______ aptitudes and _______ capabilities required to successfully complete a task
- Natural
2. Learned
What are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better?
Aptitudes
What are the skills and knowledge that we currently possess?
Learned capabilities
What are personal characteristics that lead to superior performance?
Competencies
What are the 2 main elements of competencies?
- Aptitudes
2. Learned capabilities
What is the degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of them?
Role perceptions
What are the 3 forms of role clarity?
- Understanding what you are accountable for
- Understanding the relative importance and priority of tasks
- Understanding preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks
What is essential for coordination with coworkers and other stakeholders?
Role clarity
What are environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior?
Situational factors
What are the 5 types of individual behavior in organizations?
- Task performance
- Organizational citizenship
- Counter-productive behaviors
- Joining/staying with the organization
- Maintaining attendance
What refers to the goal-directed behaviors under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives?
Task performance
What are the 3 forms of task-related behaviors?
- Proficiency
- Adaptability
- Proactivity
What refers to how well an employee responds to and supports new circumstances and work patterns?
Adaptability
What refers to how well the employee anticipates environmental changes and initiates new work patterns that are aligned with those changes?
Proactivity
What are various forms of cooperate and helpfulness to others that support the organization’s social and psychological context?
Organizational citizenship
What are voluntary behaviors that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization?
Counter-productive behaviors
Are counterproductive work behaviors a major or minor concern?
They are a major concern
What occurs when employees lack job security, have many people dependent of their job performance, and have personality traits that motivate them to show up for work when others would stay at home?
Presenteeism
What is the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics?
Personality
What are broad concepts that allow us to label and understand individual differences?
Traits
What refers to our genetic or hereditary origins?
Nature
What is the determinant of personality?
Nature vs Nurture
What refers to our socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment?
Nurture
What is the dominant perspective of personality in organizations?
The Person-Situation interaction
What are the 5 broad dimensions representing most personality traits?
The Five-Factor Model
What are the 5 dimensions of the five-factor model?
- Conscientiousness
- Neuroticism
- Openness to Experience
- Agreeableness
- Extraversion
What is a personality dimension describing people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious?
Conscientiousness
What is a personality dimension describing people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible?
Agreeableness
What is a personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental?
Neuroticism
What is a personality dimension describing people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive?
Openness to experience
What is a personality dimension describing people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive?
Extraversion
Which of the personality dimensions is strongly related to work motivation?
Conscientiousness
Which of the personality dimensions is the strongest trait predictor of task performance and occupational citizenship behavior?
Conscientiousness
Which of the personality dimensions is linked to better performance in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness?
Agreeableness
Which of the personality dimensions is strongly related to work motivation and strong predictor of job performance?
Neuroticism
Which of the personality dimensions is linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change?
Openness to experience
Which of the personality dimensions is linked to sales and management performance- persuasion?
Extraversion
What is an instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The myers-briggs type indicator says that perceiving occurs through what 2 competing orientations?
- Sensing
2. Intuition
Which competing orientation involves perceiving information directly through the 5 senses?
Sensing
What competing orientation relies on insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables?
Intuition
The myers-briggs type indicator says that judging occurs through what 2 competing processes?
- Thinking
2. Feeling
People who are thinking oriented rely on what to make decisions?
Rational cause-effect logic and systematic data collection
People who are feeling oriented rely on what to make decisions?
Their emotional response to options and how those choices effect others
What are the 4 core processes of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
- Sensing
- Intuition
- Thinking
- Feeling
What is one of the most widely used personality tests?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations?
Values
What serves as a our moral compass that directs our motivation and our decisions and actions?
Values
What is a hierarchy of preferences that people arrange values into?
A value system
What are values that only exist within individuals?
Personal Values
What are values that are shared by a group of people?
Shared Values
What are values that are shared by people in an organization?
Organizational Values
What are values that are shared across a society?
Cultural Values
What is the difference between values and personality traits?
Values tell us what we ought to do whereas personality traits describe what we tend to do
Do values have minimum or maximum conflict?
Maximum conflict
Do personality traits have minimum or maximum conflict?
Minimum conflict
Are values more natural or are they more influenced by socialization?
They are more influenced by socialization
Are personality traits more natural or are they more influenced by socialization?
They are more natural
What guides our decisions, behavior, and performance?
Personal values
What refers to how similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the value hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison?
Values Congruence
What occurs when a person’s values are similar to the organization’s dominant values?
Person-Organization Values Congruence
What occurs when a person’s actions are similar to what they believe in?
Espoused-Enacted Values Congruence
What occurs when an organization’s dominant values are similar to the communities values?
Organization-Community Values Congurence
What are the values that are apparent in our actions?
Enacted values
What are the values that we believe in?
Espoused values
Which value congruence is important for people in a leadership role?
Espoused-Enacted Values Congruence
True or False:
Incongruence leads to higher satisfaction and commitment
False
True or False:
Incongruence leads to incompatible decisions
True
True or False:
Incongruence leads to increased stress and turnover
True
True or False:
Incongruence leads to better decision making
True
True or False:
Incongruence leads to a decrease in the monitoring of ethics and standards
False
What are the 3 ethical principles?
- Utilitarianism
- Individual Rights
- Distributive Justice
Which principle advises people to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people?
Utilitarianism
Which principle reflects the belief that everyone has entitlements that let them act in a certain way?
Individual Rights
Which principle suggests that people who are similar to each other should receive similar benefits and burdens; those who are different should receive different benefits and burdens?
Distributive Justice
What is another name for utilitarianism?
Consequential principle
What are 3 problems with the utilitarianism principle?
- It’s difficult to know the costs and benefits to all stakeholders
- It focus on outcomes rather than the actions taken to produce those outcomes
- Benefits or harms will sometimes happen to those who did not deserve them
What are 3 problems with the individual right principle?
- Not all rights are recognized by law or other parties
- Rights of one may conflict with rights of another
- Rights are usually not absolute
What is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles?
Moral integrity
What is the ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue?
Moral sensitivity
What is another name for moral sensitivity?
Ethical sensitivity
What is a key influence of a person’s moral sensitivity?
Empathy
What are 4 factors that affect moral sensitivity?
- Empathy
- Knowledge of prescriptive norms and rules
- Direct experience of moral dilemmas
- Mindfulness
What is a person’s receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that moment?
Mindfulness
What are 3 reasons why good people engage in unethical decision making?
- Moral Integrity
- Moral Sensitivity
- Situational Factors
What is one of the most basic steps to improve a company’s ethical conduct?
Implementing a code of conduct
What is a statement about desired practices, rules of conduct, and philosophy about an organization’s relationship to its stakeholders and the environment?
A code of conduct
What are 6 ways that a company cam improve their ethical conduct?
- Implement a ethical code of conduct
- Ethics training and ongoing learning
- Reporting mechanism
- Ethics officers
- Ethical leadership
- Culture that supports and reinforces ethical behavior
What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness?
Individualism
What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony?
Collectivism
What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society?
Power distance
What rule states that outcomes are proportional to contributions?
Equity rule
What rule states that outcomes are equal?
Equality rule
What rule states that preferential outcomes go to most in need?
Needs-based rule
What ethical principle states that resources can be allocated according to 3 rules: equity, equality, needs-based?
Distributive Justice
Which of the following is the best example of an organizational citizenship behavior?
A. Performing the assigned tasks correctly
B. Voluntarily helping a co-worker with a work problem
C. Complying with company policies and rules
D. Completing the assigned work on time
B. Voluntarily helping a co-worker with a work problem
You have just hired several new employees who are motivated to work hard, have the abilities to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren’t sure what the performance standards are for their jobs. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely:
A. Experience only positive reinforcement in their jobs
B. Have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions
C. Have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work
D. Have above average organizational citizenship
B. Have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions
The forces within a person that influence the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior refers to:
A. Personality
B. Values
C. Motivation
D. Preferences.
C. Motivation
According to your professor, when using the MARS model to diagnose behavior and performance problems, it is important to also consider the extent to which employees are learning and developing their capabilities. This mainly fits into which part of the MARS model?
B. Ability
True or False:
Federal laws require U.S. firms to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility practices that address economic, social, and environmental needs of stakeholders
False
True or False:
According to the MARS model, motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors tend to have a stronger and more direct influence on behavior than the influence of individual differences such as personality and values
True
The link between values and employee behavior is stronger when:
A. We are mindful and reflective of the values
B. There is a logical reason to apply the values
C. The environment encourages, supports, and reinforces the values
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What are the 3 types of values congruence?
- Person-Organization
- Espoused-Enacted
- Organization-Community
The distributive justice ethical principle states that resources can be allocated according to what 3 rules?
Equity, equality, and needs-based
What are 3 problems with the distributive justice principle?
- Deciding which rule to apply
- Deciding on which factors to consider in making decisions
- Perceptual problems in differentiating among people
Which of the following Big Five traits is most useful for predicting job performance across occupations?
A. Extroversion
B. Openness to experience
C. Conscientiousness
D. None of the “Big Five” traits significantly predict job performance
C. Conscientiousness
This personality trait is sometimes referred to in terms of emotional stability.
A. Openness to experience
B. Agreeableness
C. Neuroticism
D. Extroversion
C. Neuroticism
True or False:
In regard to the person-situation interaction, in strong situations, personality will tend to have less influence on behavior than in weak situations
False
Seeing leaders who consistently “walk the talk” pertains most closely to which of the following?
A. Person-organization fit
B. Espoused-enacted fit
C. Organization-community fit.
D. Cross-cultural fit.
B. Espoused-enacted fit
True or False:
A common criticism of utlitarianism as ethical principle is that it does not judge the morality of the means used to achieve the ends
True
The equity rule is part of:
A. Ethical sensitivity
B. Distributive justice
C. Moral intensity
D. Rights-based principle
B. Distributive justice
True or False:
When dealing with an ethical dilemma, the decision maker has to decide which one of the three ethical principles to apply to the problem
False
The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles pertains to:
A. Moral intensity
B. Utilitarianism
C. Ethical sensitivity
D. Locus of control
A. Moral intensity
Being good-natured, caring, and courteous are characteristics of people with which personality trait?
A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Locus of control D. Neuroticism E. Extroversion
B. Agreeableness
Which one of the following is not a personality trait?
A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Locus of control D. Neuroticism E. Extroversion
C. Locus of control
What is the difference between personal value hierarchy and the perceived value hierarchy of an organization?
Value incongruence
