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Behavior in Organizations > Chapter 2 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 key variables in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior?

A
  1. Motivation
  2. Ability
  3. Role perceptions
  4. Situational factors
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2
Q

Which of the 4 key variables in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior is an external variable?

A

Situational factors

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3
Q

What represents the forces within a person that affect their direction, integrity, and persistence of voluntary behavior?

A

Motivation

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4
Q

What refers to the path along which people steer their efforts?

A

Direction

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5
Q

What is the amount of effort put in to reach the goal?

A

Integrity

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6
Q

What is the amount of time that people continue to put in effort?

A

Persistence

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7
Q

What are the 3 elements of motivation?

A
  1. Direction
  2. Integrity
  3. Persistence
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8
Q

Is motivation the force that exists within individuals or their actual behavior?

A

It’s the force that exists within individuals

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9
Q

What includes the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task?

A

Ability

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10
Q

Fill in the Blank: Learned/Natural

Ability includes the _______ aptitudes and _______ capabilities required to successfully complete a task

A
  1. Natural

2. Learned

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11
Q

What are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better?

A

Aptitudes

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12
Q

What are the skills and knowledge that we currently possess?

A

Learned capabilities

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13
Q

What are personal characteristics that lead to superior performance?

A

Competencies

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14
Q

What are the 2 main elements of competencies?

A
  1. Aptitudes

2. Learned capabilities

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15
Q

What is the degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of them?

A

Role perceptions

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16
Q

What are the 3 forms of role clarity?

A
  1. Understanding what you are accountable for
  2. Understanding the relative importance and priority of tasks
  3. Understanding preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks
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17
Q

What is essential for coordination with coworkers and other stakeholders?

A

Role clarity

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18
Q

What are environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior?

A

Situational factors

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19
Q

What are the 5 types of individual behavior in organizations?

A
  1. Task performance
  2. Organizational citizenship
  3. Counter-productive behaviors
  4. Joining/staying with the organization
  5. Maintaining attendance
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20
Q

What refers to the goal-directed behaviors under the individual’s control that support organizational objectives?

A

Task performance

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21
Q

What are the 3 forms of task-related behaviors?

A
  1. Proficiency
  2. Adaptability
  3. Proactivity
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22
Q

What refers to how well an employee responds to and supports new circumstances and work patterns?

A

Adaptability

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23
Q

What refers to how well the employee anticipates environmental changes and initiates new work patterns that are aligned with those changes?

A

Proactivity

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24
Q

What are various forms of cooperate and helpfulness to others that support the organization’s social and psychological context?

A

Organizational citizenship

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25
Q

What are voluntary behaviors that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization?

A

Counter-productive behaviors

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26
Q

Are counterproductive work behaviors a major or minor concern?

A

They are a major concern

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27
Q

What occurs when employees lack job security, have many people dependent of their job performance, and have personality traits that motivate them to show up for work when others would stay at home?

A

Presenteeism

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28
Q

What is the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics?

A

Personality

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29
Q

What are broad concepts that allow us to label and understand individual differences?

A

Traits

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30
Q

What refers to our genetic or hereditary origins?

A

Nature

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31
Q

What is the determinant of personality?

A

Nature vs Nurture

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32
Q

What refers to our socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment?

A

Nurture

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33
Q

What is the dominant perspective of personality in organizations?

A

The Person-Situation interaction

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34
Q

What are the 5 broad dimensions representing most personality traits?

A

The Five-Factor Model

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35
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of the five-factor model?

A
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Openness to Experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Extraversion
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36
Q

What is a personality dimension describing people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious?

A

Conscientiousness

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37
Q

What is a personality dimension describing people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible?

A

Agreeableness

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38
Q

What is a personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental?

A

Neuroticism

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39
Q

What is a personality dimension describing people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive?

A

Openness to experience

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40
Q

What is a personality dimension describing people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive?

A

Extraversion

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41
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is strongly related to work motivation?

A

Conscientiousness

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42
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is the strongest trait predictor of task performance and occupational citizenship behavior?

A

Conscientiousness

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43
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is linked to better performance in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness?

A

Agreeableness

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44
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is strongly related to work motivation and strong predictor of job performance?

A

Neuroticism

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45
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change?

A

Openness to experience

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46
Q

Which of the personality dimensions is linked to sales and management performance- persuasion?

A

Extraversion

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47
Q

What is an instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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48
Q

The myers-briggs type indicator says that perceiving occurs through what 2 competing orientations?

A
  1. Sensing

2. Intuition

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49
Q

Which competing orientation involves perceiving information directly through the 5 senses?

A

Sensing

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50
Q

What competing orientation relies on insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables?

A

Intuition

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51
Q

The myers-briggs type indicator says that judging occurs through what 2 competing processes?

A
  1. Thinking

2. Feeling

52
Q

People who are thinking oriented rely on what to make decisions?

A

Rational cause-effect logic and systematic data collection

53
Q

People who are feeling oriented rely on what to make decisions?

A

Their emotional response to options and how those choices effect others

54
Q

What are the 4 core processes of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?

A
  1. Sensing
  2. Intuition
  3. Thinking
  4. Feeling
55
Q

What is one of the most widely used personality tests?

A

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

56
Q

What are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations?

A

Values

57
Q

What serves as a our moral compass that directs our motivation and our decisions and actions?

A

Values

58
Q

What is a hierarchy of preferences that people arrange values into?

A

A value system

59
Q

What are values that only exist within individuals?

A

Personal Values

60
Q

What are values that are shared by a group of people?

A

Shared Values

61
Q

What are values that are shared by people in an organization?

A

Organizational Values

62
Q

What are values that are shared across a society?

A

Cultural Values

63
Q

What is the difference between values and personality traits?

A

Values tell us what we ought to do whereas personality traits describe what we tend to do

64
Q

Do values have minimum or maximum conflict?

A

Maximum conflict

65
Q

Do personality traits have minimum or maximum conflict?

A

Minimum conflict

66
Q

Are values more natural or are they more influenced by socialization?

A

They are more influenced by socialization

67
Q

Are personality traits more natural or are they more influenced by socialization?

A

They are more natural

68
Q

What guides our decisions, behavior, and performance?

A

Personal values

69
Q

What refers to how similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the value hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison?

A

Values Congruence

70
Q

What occurs when a person’s values are similar to the organization’s dominant values?

A

Person-Organization Values Congruence

71
Q

What occurs when a person’s actions are similar to what they believe in?

A

Espoused-Enacted Values Congruence

72
Q

What occurs when an organization’s dominant values are similar to the communities values?

A

Organization-Community Values Congurence

73
Q

What are the values that are apparent in our actions?

A

Enacted values

74
Q

What are the values that we believe in?

A

Espoused values

75
Q

Which value congruence is important for people in a leadership role?

A

Espoused-Enacted Values Congruence

76
Q

True or False:

Incongruence leads to higher satisfaction and commitment

A

False

77
Q

True or False:

Incongruence leads to incompatible decisions

A

True

78
Q

True or False:

Incongruence leads to increased stress and turnover

A

True

79
Q

True or False:

Incongruence leads to better decision making

A

True

80
Q

True or False:

Incongruence leads to a decrease in the monitoring of ethics and standards

A

False

81
Q

What are the 3 ethical principles?

A
  1. Utilitarianism
  2. Individual Rights
  3. Distributive Justice
82
Q

Which principle advises people to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

A

Utilitarianism

83
Q

Which principle reflects the belief that everyone has entitlements that let them act in a certain way?

A

Individual Rights

84
Q

Which principle suggests that people who are similar to each other should receive similar benefits and burdens; those who are different should receive different benefits and burdens?

A

Distributive Justice

85
Q

What is another name for utilitarianism?

A

Consequential principle

86
Q

What are 3 problems with the utilitarianism principle?

A
  1. It’s difficult to know the costs and benefits to all stakeholders
  2. It focus on outcomes rather than the actions taken to produce those outcomes
  3. Benefits or harms will sometimes happen to those who did not deserve them
87
Q

What are 3 problems with the individual right principle?

A
  1. Not all rights are recognized by law or other parties
  2. Rights of one may conflict with rights of another
  3. Rights are usually not absolute
88
Q

What is the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles?

A

Moral integrity

89
Q

What is the ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue?

A

Moral sensitivity

90
Q

What is another name for moral sensitivity?

A

Ethical sensitivity

91
Q

What is a key influence of a person’s moral sensitivity?

A

Empathy

92
Q

What are 4 factors that affect moral sensitivity?

A
  1. Empathy
  2. Knowledge of prescriptive norms and rules
  3. Direct experience of moral dilemmas
  4. Mindfulness
93
Q

What is a person’s receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that moment?

A

Mindfulness

94
Q

What are 3 reasons why good people engage in unethical decision making?

A
  1. Moral Integrity
  2. Moral Sensitivity
  3. Situational Factors
95
Q

What is one of the most basic steps to improve a company’s ethical conduct?

A

Implementing a code of conduct

96
Q

What is a statement about desired practices, rules of conduct, and philosophy about an organization’s relationship to its stakeholders and the environment?

A

A code of conduct

97
Q

What are 6 ways that a company cam improve their ethical conduct?

A
  1. Implement a ethical code of conduct
  2. Ethics training and ongoing learning
  3. Reporting mechanism
  4. Ethics officers
  5. Ethical leadership
  6. Culture that supports and reinforces ethical behavior
98
Q

What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness?

A

Individualism

99
Q

What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony?

A

Collectivism

100
Q

What is a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society?

A

Power distance

101
Q

What rule states that outcomes are proportional to contributions?

A

Equity rule

102
Q

What rule states that outcomes are equal?

A

Equality rule

103
Q

What rule states that preferential outcomes go to most in need?

A

Needs-based rule

104
Q

What ethical principle states that resources can be allocated according to 3 rules: equity, equality, needs-based?

A

Distributive Justice

105
Q

Which of the following is the best example of an organizational citizenship behavior?

A. Performing the assigned tasks correctly
B. Voluntarily helping a co-worker with a work problem
C. Complying with company policies and rules
D. Completing the assigned work on time

A

B. Voluntarily helping a co-worker with a work problem

106
Q

You have just hired several new employees who are motivated to work hard, have the abilities to perform their jobs, and have adequate resources. However, they aren’t sure what the performance standards are for their jobs. According to the MARS model, these new employees will likely:

A. Experience only positive reinforcement in their jobs
B. Have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions
C. Have high job performance because they are motivated and able to perform the work
D. Have above average organizational citizenship

A

B. Have lower job performance due to poor role perceptions

107
Q

The forces within a person that influence the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior refers to:

A. Personality
B. Values
C. Motivation
D. Preferences.

A

C. Motivation

108
Q

According to your professor, when using the MARS model to diagnose behavior and performance problems, it is important to also consider the extent to which employees are learning and developing their capabilities. This mainly fits into which part of the MARS model?

A

B. Ability

109
Q

True or False:

Federal laws require U.S. firms to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility practices that address economic, social, and environmental needs of stakeholders

A

False

110
Q

True or False:

According to the MARS model, motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors tend to have a stronger and more direct influence on behavior than the influence of individual differences such as personality and values

A

True

111
Q

The link between values and employee behavior is stronger when:
A. We are mindful and reflective of the values
B. There is a logical reason to apply the values
C. The environment encourages, supports, and reinforces the values
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

112
Q

What are the 3 types of values congruence?

A
  1. Person-Organization
  2. Espoused-Enacted
  3. Organization-Community
113
Q

The distributive justice ethical principle states that resources can be allocated according to what 3 rules?

A

Equity, equality, and needs-based

114
Q

What are 3 problems with the distributive justice principle?

A
  1. Deciding which rule to apply
  2. Deciding on which factors to consider in making decisions
  3. Perceptual problems in differentiating among people
115
Q

Which of the following Big Five traits is most useful for predicting job performance across occupations?

A. Extroversion
B. Openness to experience
C. Conscientiousness
D. None of the “Big Five” traits significantly predict job performance

A

C. Conscientiousness

116
Q

This personality trait is sometimes referred to in terms of emotional stability.

A. Openness to experience
B. Agreeableness
C. Neuroticism
D. Extroversion

A

C. Neuroticism

117
Q

True or False:

In regard to the person-situation interaction, in strong situations, personality will tend to have less influence on behavior than in weak situations

A

False

118
Q

Seeing leaders who consistently “walk the talk” pertains most closely to which of the following?

A. Person-organization fit
B. Espoused-enacted fit
C. Organization-community fit.
D. Cross-cultural fit.

A

B. Espoused-enacted fit

119
Q

True or False:

A common criticism of utlitarianism as ethical principle is that it does not judge the morality of the means used to achieve the ends

A

True

120
Q

The equity rule is part of:

A. Ethical sensitivity
B. Distributive justice
C. Moral intensity
D. Rights-based principle

A

B. Distributive justice

121
Q

True or False:

When dealing with an ethical dilemma, the decision maker has to decide which one of the three ethical principles to apply to the problem

A

False

122
Q

The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles pertains to:

A. Moral intensity
B. Utilitarianism
C. Ethical sensitivity
D. Locus of control

A

A. Moral intensity

123
Q

Being good-natured, caring, and courteous are characteristics of people with which personality trait?

A. Openness to experience
B. Agreeableness
C. Locus of control
D. Neuroticism
E. Extroversion
A

B. Agreeableness

124
Q

Which one of the following is not a personality trait?

A. Openness to experience
B. Agreeableness
C. Locus of control
D. Neuroticism
E. Extroversion
A

C. Locus of control

125
Q

What is the difference between personal value hierarchy and the perceived value hierarchy of an organization?

A

Value incongruence

Behavior in Organizations (10 decks)

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