Chapter 3 Mood Disorders QUIZ 1

Question 1

anterior cingulate

Answer 1

in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum

Question 2

antidepressant

Answer 2

any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders

Question 3

attribution

Answer 3

the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred

Question 4

attributional style

Answer 4

a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events

Question 5

behavioural couples therapy

Answer 5

clinical approach to depression in which a couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy

Question 6

bipolar I disorder

Answer 6

a diagnosis defined on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression

Question 7

bipolar II disorder

Answer 7

a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania

Question 8

cognitive biases

Answer 8

tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas

Question 9

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 9

an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement

Question 10

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 10

a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes

Question 11

deep brain stimulation

Answer 11

a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions

Question 12

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 12

a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youth older than age six

Question 13

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies

Question 14

episodic disorder

Answer 14

a condition whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur. Major Depressive Disorder is an episodic disorder.

Question 15

expressed emotion (EE)

Answer 15

hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family

Question 16

flight of ideas

Answer 16

a symptom of mania that involves a rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections

Question 17

hopelessness theory

Answer 17

cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness — an expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation

Question 18

hypomania

Answer 18

an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania

Question 19

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

Answer 19

a behavioural treatment for bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)

Question 20

lithium

Answer 20

a drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder

Question 21

major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 21

a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation

Question 22

mania

Answer 22

intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractibility, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions

Question 23

melancholic

Answer 23

subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression

Question 24

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Answer 24

recent adaptation of cognitive therapy/restructuring that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression; aims to ‘decentre’ the person’s perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns

Question 25

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 25

a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamines and indolamines

Question 26

mood disorders

Answer 26

disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion

Question 27

negative triad

Answer 27

in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the world and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction

Question 28

neuroticism

Answer 28

the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression

Question 29

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 29

behaviours that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death

Question 30

peripartum onset

Answer 30

onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania. Called MDD with peripartum onset or postpartum depression.

Question 31

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 31

a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least two years

Question 32

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 32

a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 33

psychoeducational approaches

Answer 33

especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies

Question 34

psychomotor agitation

Answer 34

a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still

Question 35

psychomotor retardation

Answer 35

a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly

Question 36

rapid cycling

Answer 36

term applied to bipolar disorders if the person has experienced at least four episodes within the past year

Question 37

reward system

Answer 37

system of brain structures involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders

Question 38

rumination

Answer 38

repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing a negative mood

Question 39

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 39

a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter

Question 40

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 40

a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for a longer period of time

Question 41

serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 41

SNRIs inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for a longer period of time

Question 42

striatum

Answer 42

striatum in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system

Question 43

suicide

Answer 43

the intentional taking of one’s own life

Question 44

transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 44

a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region

Question 45

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 45

a group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 46

tryptophan

Answer 46

amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression