Chapter 3 Mood Disorders QUIZ 1 Flashcards
anterior cingulate
in the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum
antidepressant
any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders
attribution
the explanation a person has for why an event or behaviour has occurred
attributional style
a person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours and events
behavioural couples therapy
clinical approach to depression in which a couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy
bipolar I disorder
a diagnosis defined on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression
bipolar II disorder
a form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
cognitive biases
tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesised to be driven by underlying negative schemas
Cushing’s syndrome
an endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agitation and physical disfigurement
cyclothymic disorder
a form of bipolar disorder characterised by swings between elation and depression over at least a two-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes
deep brain stimulation
a neurosurgical treatment in which electrodes are implanted into specific brain regions
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youth older than age six
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
a region of the prefrontal cortex involved in working memory, motor planning, organisation and regulation, and implicated in many psychopathologies
episodic disorder
a condition whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur. Major Depressive Disorder is an episodic disorder.
expressed emotion (EE)
hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people towards the patient, usually within a family
flight of ideas
a symptom of mania that involves a rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections
hopelessness theory
cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions and has been modified again to emphasise hopelessness — an expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation
hypomania
an extremely elevated or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms such as increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
a behavioural treatment for bipolar disorder that aims to stabilise mood by addressing disruptions in circadian rhythms (e.g., stressful life events, irregular sleep/wake times)
lithium
a drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder (MDD)
a disorder of individuals who have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite or sexual desire; and either lethargy or agitation
mania
intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractibility, grandiose plans, heightened activity and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions
melancholic
subtype of major depressive disorder in which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
recent adaptation of cognitive therapy/restructuring that focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression; aims to ‘decentre’ the person’s perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
a group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamines and indolamines
mood disorders
disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
negative triad
in Beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, the world and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemas) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction
neuroticism
the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression
non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
behaviours that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
peripartum onset
onset during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum, characterising a subtype of episodes of major depressive disorder or mania. Called MDD with peripartum onset or postpartum depression.
persistent depressive disorder
a DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive symptoms that last at least two years
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a depressed, anxious, labile or irritable mood that reoccurs monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The symptoms are more distressing and disabling than the more commonly experienced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
psychoeducational approaches
especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms and treatment strategies
psychomotor agitation
a symptom characterised by pacing, restlessness and inability to sit still
psychomotor retardation
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
rapid cycling
term applied to bipolar disorders if the person has experienced at least four episodes within the past year
reward system
system of brain structures involved in the motivation to pursue rewards. Believed to be involved in depression, mania, schizophrenia and substance use disorders
rumination
repetitive thought about why a person is experiencing a negative mood
seasonal affective disorder
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a specific form of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with less effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, so that serotonin levels in the cleft are sustained for a longer period of time
serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
SNRIs inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic neuron, so that levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft are sustained for a longer period of time
striatum
striatum in the subcortical region of the brain; involved in the reward system
suicide
the intentional taking of one’s own life
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
a non-invasive technique in which pulsing magnets are used to intensify or diminish brain activity in a given region
tricyclic antidepressants
a group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterised by three fused rings; they interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
tryptophan
amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin. Experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression
