Chapter 3 Module 2

Question 1

Receptors

Answer 1

Proteins that allow cells to communicate via chemical signals. They are surface proteins on plasma membrane of the target that bin a chemical signal. They are usually substrate specific

Question 2

Enzymes

Answer 2

Break down chemical messengers and hormones whose job is done or are extra. They help produce second messengers.

Question 3

Channel proteins

Answer 3

Transmembrane proteins that have pores to allow certain substances (selective permiability) through
- some can be constantly open and others are gated that open and close
- some can be pumps: require energy/consume ATP
Some can be carriers: do not consume ATP

Question 4

Channelopathies

Answer 4

Family of diseases resulting from channel protein defects

Question 5

Cell identity markers

Answer 5

Glycoproteins that contribute to the glycocalyx and serve as the cells identification tag. Help our bodies identify which cells are ours and which are foreign invaders. Unique to everyone, but twins that are identical. Has a carbohydrate tag attached

Question 6

Glycocalyx

Answer 6

Fuzzy coat made of carbohydrate tags from glycol proteins and is external to the plasma membrane

Question 7

Glycocaylx function (7 of them)

Answer 7

Protection: cushions plasma membrane and protects from physical and chemical injury
Immunity to infection: enables immune system to recognize invaders and attack
Defense against cancer: changes in the glycocalyx of cancerous cells allow immune system to recognize and destroy them
Transplant compatibility: forms the basis for compatibility of blood transfusions, tissue grafts, or organ transplants
Cell adhesion: binds cells so tissues don’t fall apart
Fertilization: enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs
Embryonic development: guides embryonic cells to their destination in the body

Question 8

Cell adhesion molecules (cam)

Answer 8

Allow one cell to adhere to either one cell or to the extracelular material
- cells only grow and survive normally when they are mechanically liked to extracelilar material

Question 9

Second messenger systems

Answer 9

-Involves several membrane proteins working together..
A chemical messenger binds to a receptor and activates a protein in the cell which leads to the activation of a g protein that travels across membrane and then activates an another membrane protein - an enzyme adenylate cycles. AC converts ATP to cyclic amp, the second messenger. cAMP activates a cytoplasmic enzyme- kinase which then leads to a serves of metabolic effects
(Summary: first messenger, enzymatic activity, second messenger, metabolic effects

Question 10

What are the types of transmembrane proteins

Answer 10

Receptors, enzymes, ion channel, gated jon channel, cell identity marker, and cell adhesion molecule