chapter 3 microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

autotrophs

A

use carbon dioxide as carbon source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heterotrophs

A

use organic substances like sugars as their source of carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

binary fission

A

how bacteria reproduce. This results in a logarithmic growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phases of the bacterial growth cycle

A

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lag phase

A

Bacteria undergo a period of adaptation with vigorous metabolic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

log phase

A

rapid division which is determined by environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stationary phase

A

is reached when nutrient depletion or toxic products cause growth to slow until death rate equals the binary fission rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

decline phase

A

decline of live bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is end product inhibition?

A

the end product of a pathway inhibits the first enzyme of the same pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

catabolite repression

A

when catabolites inhibit synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some extracellular factors that modify bacterial growth?

A

temperature- mesophiles like 25-40C, thermophiles like 55-80 C, psychophiles like under20C
PH- 7.2-7.4 for optimal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen to grow because their ATP generating system is dependent on oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

use oxygen to generate energy if oxygen is present. They also can use the fermentation pathway for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

lack superoxide dismutase or catalase so they dont need oxygen to make energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

microaerophiles

A

work best at low oxygen concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name the 2 bacterial enzymes that oxygen

A

superoxide dismutase and catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

replication bubble

A

strand between the replicating forks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semiconservative replication

A

each daughter cell receives a parental strand and a newly synthesized strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

polymerase

A

main enzyme in DNA replication

20
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cleave double stranded DNA at specific sequences thus deleting foreign nucleotides

21
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in a base sequence of DNA

22
Q

what is base substitution and the 3 types

A

when the incorrect base is inserted.
missense mutation is when the base substitution results in a different amino acid
nonsense mutation- base substitution results in a premature stop

23
Q

frame shift mutaiton

A

when one or more base pairs are added or deleted which shifts the reading frame and results in a inactive protein

24
Q

insertion

A

insertion of additional pieces of DNA or bases and cause profound changes in the reading frame

25
what induces mutations?
chemicals, radiation, or viruses
26
conjugation
mating of bacteria which is controlled by a F plasmid that creates the sex pilus
27
transduction
transferring DNA via a virus
28
generalized transduction
when a bacteriophage has a piece of its old hosts bacterial chromosome
29
specialized transduction
when phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA is excised and carries with it an adjacent part of bacterial DNA
30
transformation
"natural" when a bacterium dies and another picks up some of its DNA
31
transposition
jumps from one to another
32
homologous recombination
2 pieces of DNA with extensive homologous regions pair up and exchange pieces by the processes of breakage and reunion
33
non- homologous recombination
not much homology so they use a lot of enzymes inrecombination process
34
plasmids
extrachromosomal DNA molecules. They are in both gram negative and positive bacteria
35
Transmissible plasmids
transferred by conjugation and contain the sex pilus genes
36
non transmissible plasmids
they dont move but can if there is another plasmid in the same bacteria that is transmissible( they pretty much catch a ride)
37
what are some clinical relevance of plasmids?
antibiotic resistance, resistance to heavy metals, pili which mediate adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells, exotoxins
38
transposons
"jumping genes", Can code for metabolic or drug resistance enzymes and toxins, Need host to replicate , hide in plasmids,
39
Restriction enzymes
break DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence. This creates a "sticky end" which can be combined with a wanted gene and incorporate it into the DNA of the host.
40
DNA probes
radioactive markers
41
PCR
uses Taq ( watch youtube)
42
multiplex PCR
more than one locus are amplified with multiple primers
43
Why is PCR so widely used?
for miniscule quantities of DNA, rapid clinical diagnostic procedures, amplification of RNA, comparison of different genomes
44
genomics
study of identity of all genes within the chromosomes of a cell
45
proteomics
study of proteins expressed by the genome of either an organism, cell, or tissue type.
46
metabolomics
study of chemical processes involving metabolites of a cell or an organism