Chapter 3: Memory

Question 1

how does memory influence thinking?

Answer 1

• refer to prior knowledge when making decisions/predictions
• use it to solve problems
• use it to assess situations
• use heuristics

Question 2

availability heuristic

Answer 2

• ppl generally make judgements & decisions on the basis of the relevant memories they retrieve
• easier to retrieve = more likely to based judgement on it
• most of the time it produces useful & correct evidence

Question 3

representativeness heuristic

Answer 3

• cognitive shortcut to judge likelihood of event based on how similar it is to prototype in mind

Question 4

memory function (3)

Answer 4

1. encoding
2. memory storage
3. memory retrieval

Question 5

working memory model - Baddely & Hitch (4)

Answer 5

1. central executive
2. visuospatial sketchpad
3. episodic buffer
4. phonological loop

Question 6

sensory memory

Answer 6

• very short term memory for sensory information before any cognitive processing

Question 7

short term memory

Answer 7

• refers to the memory that is active & conscious processing

Question 8

task switching

Answer 8

• switching attention from one behaviour to another

Question 9

long term memory

Answer 9

• memory that is stored w no particular limit on their duration

Question 10

declarative memory

Answer 10

• memory that one can declare the existence of

Question 11

2 kinds of declarative memory

Answer 11

1. semantic memory
2. episodic memory

Question 12

semantic memory

Answer 12

• memory for known facts

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

• memory for events that are personally relevant

Question 14

non-declarative memory

Answer 14

• memory for things that are difficult or impossible to declare the existence of

Question 15

2 kinds of non-declarative memory

Answer 15

1. procedural memory
2. motor memory

Question 16

procedural memory

Answer 16

• being able to recall how to write your name or how to ride a bike

Question 17

motor memory

Answer 17

• form of memory in which the recall is correctly carrying out a motor action

Question 18

shallow processing

Answer 18

• information is processed at sensory & surface level

Question 19

deep processing

Answer 19

• information processed in terms of semantics & meaning

Question 20

Schacter’s 7 sins of memory

Answer 20

1. transience
2. absent mindedness
3. blocking
4. misattribution
5. suggestibility
6. bias
7. persistence

Question 21

transience (7 sins of memory)

Answer 21

• everyday memory failures
• lose access to information over time

Question 22

absent mindedness (7 sins of memory)

Answer 22

• everyday memory errors
• person fails to encode a memory b/c they were distracted

Question 23

blocking (7 sins of memory)

Answer 23

• temporary retrieval failure
• can be due to spreading activation in semantic memory network
• tip-of-the-tongue

Question 24

misattribution (7 sins of memory)

Answer 24

• arises from highly associated aspects of semantic networks
• you remember the facts correctly but NOT the source

Question 25

suggestibility (7 sins of memory)

Answer 25

• arises from highly associated aspects of semantic networks
• incorporate information provided by others into your own recollection

Question 26

bias (7 sins of memory)

Answer 26

• reflect our own intuitions about memories
• trust our memories & show bias towards them

Question 27

persistence (7 sins of memory)

Answer 27

• reflect our own intuitions about memories
• memories that linger & persist to psychological detriment of person

Question 28

eyewitness memory errors

Answer 28

• misinformation effect
• words used can influence their accounts of the events

Question 29

DRM false memory test

Answer 29

• Ps are presented w list of words they are to remember
• ppl overestimated seeing ‘sleep’ in 1st list b/c it is highly associated w other words but not presented