Chapter 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards
Etiology
Underlying cause of a symptom or deficit
Common etiologies
Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Degenerative diseases
Idiopathic
Etiology that is unknown
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
blood flow being interrupted in the brain by a blood clot or a hemorrhage
Factors that contribute to strokes
History of tobacco
Physical inactivity
Atrial fibrillation
High blood pressure
Anoxia
lack of oxygen supply to tissue
Hypoxia
partial loss of oxygen supply to tissue
Ischemic stroke
when blood vessel supplying blood flow to the brain stops
Ishemic Stroke Symptoms
Loss sensation on one side of the body
Problems with speech and language
Changes in vision or balance
Form of ischemic stroke
Thrombotic stroke and Embolic stroke
Thrombotic stroke
thrombus interrupts blood flow to the brain
Atherosclerosis
there is buildup of fatty things like cholesterol in the blood
Embolic stroke
embolus formed and travels to the brain and lodges in a blood vessel
Transient ischemic attack
mini stroke that resolves in 24 hours
Hemorrhagic stroke
when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when…
High blood pressure, during period of high activity, alcohol abuse
Forms of hemorrhagic stroke
Subarachnoid and Intracerebral
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleed that happens between the cerebrum and skull
Intracerebral hemorrhage
blood vessel burst within the brain itself
Intracranial pressure: pressure in the skull and brain is exposed
Aneurysm
abnormal stretching and ballooning of the wall of blood vessel
Aneurysm results from
Disease, hereditary factors, high blood pressure
Symptoms of cerebral aneurysm
Severe headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Blurred vision
Or NO SYMPTOMS
Traumatic brain injury
serious damage to the brain happens as result to external and forceful event
Golden hour
the first hour following a stroke or a TBI
Toxic brain injury
damage to the brain from high levels of poisonous substances
Deficits for overdosing on opioids
Fine motor skills
Visual attention
Working memory
Decision making
Brain tumor
abnormal growth of cells in the brain
Primary tumor
a tumor that originates from the brain, not somewhere else
Metastatic tumor
cancerous tumor that has spread from another part of the body
Oligodendroglioma
tumor arising from oligodendrocytes
Biopsy
minor surgery to remove a piece of tissue
Malignant brain tumor
Brain cancer
Can quickly spread to other parts of the body
Benign brain tumor
Can’t spread to other parts of the body
Non-cancerous
Mass effect
crushes areas in the brain
Surgical trauma
damage to the tissues in the brain due to surgery
Encephalitis
acute infection or inflammation of the brain or spinal cord
Encephalitis lethargica
causes inflammation and damage to the midbrain, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra
Reasmussen’s Encephalitis
inflammation in the left or right cerebral hemisphere
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
affects the CNS, degenerative and fatal brain disease caused by a protein called prion
Poliomyelitis
Virus that attacks the motor nerve tracts of the PNS (viral)
Spinal polio
polio affecting the spinal nerves
Bulbar polio
polio affecting the cranial nerves
Bulbospinal polio
both cranial and spinal nerves affected
Seizure
sudden abnormal level of electrical discharge in the brain
Stages of a seizure
Aura: period before the seizure, may experience some warning signs that the seizure is imminent (headache, deja vu, panic, nausea, radical mood changes)
Ictus: main stage of the seizure, begin to be unconscious
Postictus: period after the seizure - they are confused, might experience memory loss, weakness, and depression
Partial seizure
pathologic levels of electrical activity are confined to a region of the brain
Forms of partial seizures
Simple partial seizure: consciousness maintained during seizure
Complex partial seizure: cause an altered state of consciousness
Generalized seizures
seizure is in the whole brain and the person loses consciousness
Forms of generalized seizures
Tonic-clonic seizure: makes two distinct phases during the ictus
Tonic phase: loss of consciousness and body stiffens
Clonic phase: body convulses violently
Petit mal seizure
Loss awareness for a few seconds
No motor activity, shaking, or convulsing
