Chapter 2 Lecture Notes Flashcards
Neurons
cells responsible for transmitting and processing information
Nueroglia
cells that support neurons and important background functions
Synapse
connection between neurons
Three basic types of neurons
Sensory, motor, interneurons
Sensory neurons
transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to spinal cord
motor neurons
transmit signals of motor movement from brain to spinal cord
interneurons
connect to one another; involved in processing information
Soma
cell body; signals from other neurons and transmit signals toward the soma
Axon
transmit signals from soma to other neurons
Glial cells
Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
glial cells in the CNS; production of myelin
Myelin
white sheath that insulates to axons of neurons
Astrocytes
provides support for neurons
Microglia
immunological cells within the CNS - cleans up debris
Schwann Cells
produce myelin on single axon
CNS
has brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum
produce langauge and organize body movements
Gray matter
process and regulate information in the CNS
White matter
axons of neurons covered in myelin
Cerebral meninges
between surface of brain and skull; 3 anatomic layers
Dura mater
enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid mater
wraps around brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
hugs the brain and spinal cord
Longitudinal fissure
divides the brain in halves
Corpus callosum
houses the largest white matter pathways
Prosody
changes in tone and intensity
Prosopagnosia
having problems with visual processing
Amusia
losing ability to recognize music
Macrostructure processing
ability to piece together many smaller details (microstructure) to arrive the correct bigger picture (macrostructure)
Visuospatial processing
math skills
Broca’s aphasia
they know what they want to say but can’t find the right words
Wernicke’s aphasia
can’t comprehend the speech of others, and their own speech is crazy and nonstop
Central sulcus
runs down the middle lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere
Lateral sulcus
begins at the lower frontal aspect of each of the 2 cerebral sulcus
Frontal lobe
Houses Broca’s area, expressive language, primary motor cortex (motor strip)
Primary motor cortex (motor strip)
issuing motor plans for volitional movement
Left primary motor cortex
issuing motor movements for speech
Parietal lobe
receiving and processing sensory information
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary sensory cortex (sensory strip)
receives and processes tactile and proprioceptive information coming from the body
Proprioception
a person’s sense of where their extremities and body are in space
Sensory homunculus
processing their sensory information are represented
Temporal lobes
houses memory
Hippocampus
takes new experiences and turns the into memories that can be stored and accessed later
Primary auditory cortex
receives neuroal impulses of sounds from the ears
Occipital lobes
concerned with mostly with vision
Subcortex
performing functions that are automatic
Brainstem
connects the spinal cord to the brain (oldest part of the brain)
Medulla
motor neurons transmits impulses to the other side of the body
Cerebellum
“little brain”
Spinal cord
bundle of white matter tracts and gray matter housed in the vertebral column
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Spasticity
combination of hypertonia and the resistance to passive movement caused by hyperactive stretch
Phrenic nerve
innervates the diaphragm
Diaphragm
muscle that is primarily responsible for the inspiration of air into the lungs
Cranial nerves
nerves in the cranium (bony part of the skull)
