chapter 3: integumentary system Flashcards
____ membranes covers and lines body cavities open to the exterior
mucous membrane
____ line body cavities closed to the exterior
serous
T or F:
the three epithelial membranes are mucous membrane and synovial membrane and cutaneous
falsy
it’s mucous and cutaneous and serous
synovial is connective
T or F:
epithelial membranes are called complex organs because they consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue
falsy
they’re called simple for this reason
why are epithelial membranes called simple organs?
because they consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue
cutaneous membrane consists of superficial ____ and underlying ____
epidermis, dermis
T or F:
cutaneous membrane consists of superficial dermis and underlying epidermis
falsy
superficial epidermis and underlying dermis
which type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?
stratified squamous tissue
what type of tissue is the dermis composed of?
dense connective tissue
which body membrane is exposed to the air and considered a dry membrane?
cutaneous membrane
which membrane consists of different epithelium depending on the location?
mucous membrane
what does the mucous membrane consist of?
- epithelium varying depending on location
- loose connective membrane (lamina propria)
T or F:
mucous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior like urinary digestive and reproductive
falsy
open to the exterior
T or F:
mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior like urinary digestive and reproductive
Truey
respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive are examples of cavities lined by ____ membrane
mucous
what is the loose connective tissue in mucous membranes called?
lamina propria
what are the two most common types of epithelium found in mucous membranes?
stratified squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
mucous membranes often contain either stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium, where are they found?
- mouth and esophagus
- the rest of the digestive tract (stomach, smol and large intestine, etc…)
_____ are moist membranes and they’re bathed in secretions such as ___ and ___
mucosae, mucus, urine
T or F:
serous membranes are usually moist and bathed in mucus or urine
falsy
that’s mucous membrane (mucosae)
T or F:
he mucous membranes in respiratory or digestive tracts secrete protective lubricating mucus
Trueyy
what is the epithelium of mucosae often specialized for?
absorption or secretion (secrete protective mucus)
T or F:
the cutaneous membranes in respiratory or digestive tracts secrete protective lubricating mucus
falsy
it’s mucous membranes
serous membranes consist of a simple squamous epithelium and ______
a thin layer of areolar connective tissues
T or F:
serous membranes consist of simple squamous tissue and a thick layer of areolar connective tissue
falsy
thin
T or F:
serous membranes cover all body cavities closed to the exterior
falsy
with an exception for dorsal cavities and joint cavities
serous membranes cover all body cavities closed to the exterior except ______
dorsal body cavities and joint cavities
serous membranes occur in:
A) thin sheets
B) pairs
C) 3 layers
D) groups
b
the ___ layer in serous membrane line the ___ and fold itself to form the ___ layer covering the ___
parietal, cavity wall, visceral layer, organ
T or F:
serous membranes consist of simple squamous tissue and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
truey
what are serous layers separated by?
small amount of thin clear fluid called serous fluid
what is the function of serous fluid?
it’s lubricating and allows organs to slide easily across body cavity walls or each other without friction
serous fluid is lubricating, which organs need it the most?
mobile organs like the heart and lungs
what is the serous membrane surrounding the stomach called?
visceral peritoneum
what is the serosa (serous membrane tissue) in abdominal cavity covering its organs is called?
peritoneum
what is the function of serous membranes in the thorax?
they isolate the lungs and heart
what is the membrane around the lung?
pleura
what is the membrane around the heart?
pericardium
what type of tissue does the synovial membrane consist of?
A) dense connective areolar tissue
B) loose connective tissue
C) loose connective tissue called lamina propria
D) loose connective areolar
d
what is the main function of synovial membranes?
lining the fibrous layer surrounding the joints
name three functions of synovial fluid
- line the fibrous layer surrounding the joint
- provide smooth surface for joints
- secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction within the joints
list different skin appendages
eccrine sweat glands
arrector pili muscle
sebaceous oil gland
hair follicle
hair root (inside follicle)
Which layer of the epidermis is not found in all skin regions?
A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum lucidum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum granulosum
b
which of the following contributes to the water-resistant properties of the skin?
A. Glycolipids in the stratum corneum B. Fat deposits in the hypodermis C. Keratinocytes in the stratum basale D. Melanin produced by melanocytes
A
Apocrine glands are different from eccrine glands in that they:
A. Are primarily located in the palms and soles B. Begin functioning at birth C. Secrete a milky fluid that contains fatty acids and proteins D. Help regulate body temperature
C
The stratum lucidum is present only in areas where the skin is thin, such as the eyelids.
falsy
thick, like palms and feet
Melanin serves the primary function of keeping the skin hydrated.
falsy
melanin protect skin from UV
The papillary layer of the dermis is responsible for providing nutrients to the epidermis.
Truey
Carotene is a pigment that contributes to a yellow or orange color in the skin and is stored primarily in the epidermis.
falsy
it’s in the stratum corneum and/or the subcutaneous tissue
Skin cancers often arise from damage in the ________ layer of the epidermis due to excessive exposure to ________.
stratum basale, UV radiation
T or F:
the hypodermis is composed mainly of dense connective tissue and provides shock absorption.
falsy, adipose tissue
rest is true
Sweat has an acidic pH, which helps inhibit bacterial growth on the skin’s surface.
true
and it’s acidic due to lactic acid
Sebaceous glands are more active in the genital and axillary areas, where they empty into hair follicles.
falsy
apocrine glands*
The ________ in sweat helps to excrete metabolic wastes from the body.
lactic acid
What type of tissue mainly composes the dermis?
A. Stratified squamous epithelium B. Adipose tissue C. Dense connective tissue D. Areolar connective tissue
C
the ________ is the outermost layer of the skin, primarily made up of ________ epithelium.
epidermis, stratified squamous
T or F:
The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin and is primarily composed of dense connective tissue.
falsy
first half is true, adipose tissue**
Which layer of the skin is responsible for storing fat and insulating the body?
A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Hypodermis D. Stratum corneum
C
The ________ layer of the dermis contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, as well as deep pressure receptors known as ________.
reticular layer, lamellar corpuscles
T or F:
The dermis is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply.
falsy
epidermis
________ cells are responsible for activating immune responses in the skin, whereas ________ cells function as touch receptors.
epidermal dentritic cells, merkel
The epidermis consists of up to five layers, starting from the deepest layer called ________ to the outermost layer, ________.
stratum basale, stratum corneum
In which layer do cells undergo the most active division?
A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum spinosum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum granulosum
C
T or F:
The stratum granulosum consists of dead, flat cells completely filled with keratin.
falsy
corneum
T or F:
The stratum corneum consists of dead, flat cells completely filled with keratin.
truey
The cells in the stratum spinosum contain thick bundles of ________ filaments made of pre-keratin.
intermediate
which layer of the dermis contains capillary loops that supply nutrients to the epidermis?
papillary layer
he dermis is divided into two main layers: the ________ and the ________.
papillary, reticular
What is the main function of the dermal papillae?
A. Provide nutrients to the epidermis B. Anchor the epidermis to the dermis C. Facilitate the formation of calluses D. Serve as sweat glands
A
Tor F:
The reticular layer contains phagocytes that help prevent bacterial invasion into deeper tissues.
true
Tor F:
The papillary layer contains phagocytes that help prevent bacterial invasion into deeper tissues.
falsy
it’s reticular
The three main pigments that contribute to skin color are ________, ________, and ________.
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
T or F:
The epidermis is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply.
truey
Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of pallor?
A. Anemia B. Fever C. Low blood pressure D. Impaired blood flow
B
fever causes erythema
________ is characterized by a yellowing of the skin due to excess bilirubin in the blood, often indicating a liver disorder.
Juandice
The ________ is used to estimate the percentage of the body affected by burns, dividing it into ________ areas.
rule of nine’s, 11
give examples of mucosae that don’t secrete mucus
urinary tract
Which type of burn affects the epidermis and part of the dermis, often causing blisters?
A. First-degree B. Second-degree C. Third-degree D. Fourth-degree
B
give examples of mucosae that do secrete mucus
respiratory and digestive tract
T or F:
Third-degree burns can heal on their own without the need for skin grafts.
falsy
usually need skin grafting
what is the primary function of mucosae?
absorption and/or secretion
T or F:
lamina propria is a dense connective tissue found in serous membranes
من أمه فالسي
loose
mucous
what is the lamina propria and where is it?
a loose connective tissue making up mucous membrane
T or F:
The amount of melanin produced in the skin depends on the number of melanocytes present.
Falsy
All humans have roughly the same number of melanocytes; the amount of melanin produced varies.
T or F:
The pigment carotene is most commonly found in the dermis.
Falsy
stratum corneum and hypodermis
Sebaceous glands produce ________, which acts as a lubricant for skin and hair.
sebum
T or F:
Eccrine sweat glands are primarily active during puberty and are found mostly in the armpits and genital regions.
falsy
this applies to apocrine
T or F:
apocrine sweat glands are primarily active during puberty and are found mostly in the armpits and genital regions.
truey
T or F:
Apocrine gland secretions contain phoromones, which can lead to body odor.
truey
The ducts of ________ sweat glands open directly onto the skin surface, whereas the ducts of ________ sweat glands empty into hair follicles.
eccrine, apocrine
Which skin condition involves an overreaction of the immune system, causing flaky and painful skin patches?
A. Impetigo B. Psoriasis C. Jaundice D. Erythema
B
T or F:
Burns involving the face are particularly dangerous because they can cause airway obstruction.
truey
dangerous because the burn of respiratory passage ways
Which of the following conditions makes burns critical?
A. Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns B. Over 5% of the body has first-degree burns C. Over 10% of the body has fourth-degree burns D. Any amount of first-degree burns on the face
A
mucosae’s epithelium varies depending on the location. Give examples
- stratified squamous epithelium (mouth and esophagus)
- simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract)
T or F:
the visceral peritoneum is the visceral layer lining the cavity wall of abdominal organs
falsy
it lines the organs themselves
what does mucosae consists of epithelium which varies and what else?
loose connective tissue called lamina propria
T or F:
serous membranes cover all body cavities that are closed to the exterior
falsy
all with an exception for dorsal cavity and joint cavity
T or F:
the visceral peritoneum is the parietal layer lining the thoracic organs
falsy
abdominal organs
T or F:
the visceral peritoneum is the parietal layer lining the abdominal organs
falsy
visceral layer*
what does serosa (serous membrane) consist of?
- stratified squamous epithelium
- thin layer of areolar connective tissue
T or F:
the parietal peritoneum is the parietal layer lining the abdominal organs
falsy
it lines the cavity wall
what do synovial membranes consist of?
loose areolar connective tissue
synovial membranes are made of a loose connective tissue
falsy
that described the lamina propria in serous membranes
synovial membranes consist of loose areolar connective tissue
Which of the following is NOT a function of body membranes?
a) Covering surfaces
b) Lubricating organs
c) Lining body cavities
d) Providing structural support
D
Which type of membrane is represented by synovial
membranes?
a) Cutaneous membranes
b) Mucous membranes
c) Serous membranes
d) Connective tissue membranes
D
What is the common name for the cutaneous membrane?
a) Epithelial membrane
b) Mucous membrane
c) Serous membrane
d) Skin or integumentary system
D
Which function is primarily associated with the cutaneous membrane?
a) Lubricating organs
b) Protection
c) Lining body cavities
d) Synthesizing hormones
B
Epithelial membranes, also known as covering and lining membranes, consist of which of the following types?
a) Cutaneous membrane, mucous membranes, and serous
membranes
b) Muscle membrane, connective membrane, and bone
membrane
c) Nervous membrane, glandular membrane, and skeletal
membrane
d) Epidermal membrane, dermal membrane, and adipose
A
What are the two primary layers that compose the cutaneous membrane?
a) Epidermis and subcutaneous tissue
b) Epidermis and mucous membrane
c) Epidermis and dermis
d) Dermis and subcutaneous tissue
C
Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis of the cutaneous membrane?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Stratified squamous epithelium
c) Simple columnar epithelium
d) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B
How would you describe the moisture level of the cutaneous membrane compared to other epithelial membranes?
a) It is moist
b) It is dry and exposed to air
c) It contains excessive mucus
d) It is completely devoid of moistur
B
What is the composition of synovial membranes?
a) Dense connective tissue
b) Loose areolar connective tissue
c) Cartilage
d) Epithelial tissue
B
What is the primary function of synovial membranes?
a) To protect the joint from impacts
b) To generate heat within the joint
c) To line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints
d) To provide structural support to the joint
C
What is the primary function of the skin in protecting the body?
a) Absorption of nutrients
b) Regulating body temperature
c) Acting as a physical barrier against damage
d) Producing hormone
C
Which skin component toughens cells and provides protection against mechanical damage?
a) Melanin
b) Fat cells
c) Keratin
d) Glycolipi
C
How does the skin protect against microbe damage?
a) By producing melanin
b) By secreting acidic skin substances
c) By producing keratin
d) By containing pain receptor
B
What provides protection from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation?
a) Keratin
b) Melanin
c) Phagocytes
d) Glycolipid
B
How does the skin aid in body heat regulation?
a) By not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds
b) By containing water-resistant glycolipid
c) By activating sweat glands and allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds
d) By producing pain receptor
C
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
a) Simple squamous
b) Stratified cuboidal
c) Stratified squamous
d) Simple columna
C
What is the function of the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)?
a) It forms the outer protective layer of the skin.
b) It anchors the skin to underlying organs.
c) It provides a barrier against pathogens.
d) It produces melanin
B
Besides anchoring the skin, what other functions does the subcutaneous tissue serve?
a) It acts as a shock absorber.
b) It forms the epidermis.
c) It produces sweat.
d) It supports hair growth
A
What role does the subcutaneous tissue play in insulating the body?
a) It conducts heat away from the body.
b) It prevents the loss of body heat.
c) It allows extreme temperature changes to affect the body.
d) It produces heat
B
In addition to insulation, what is another function of the subcutaneous tissue?
a) Synthesizing vitamin D
b) Producing collagen
c) Storing nutrients
d) Regulating blood flo
C
Why does the epidermis not bleed when cut, even though it consists of multiple cell layers?
a) It has its own blood supply.
b) It lacks pain receptors.
c) It is avascular, with no blood supply of its own.
d) It contains blood-clotting proteins
C
How many layers, or strata, does the epidermis typically have, from the inside out?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
D
Where is the stratum lucidum (clear epidermal layer) found in the skin?
a) Everywhere on the body
b) On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
c) In regions with hair
d) Near hair follicle
B
What happens to epidermal cells as they move away from the dermis and toward the skin surface?
a) They become flatter and more keratinized.
b) They become nourished by the blood supply.
c) They accumulate melanin.
d) They undergo cell division
A
What is the outermost and thickest layer of the epidermis, primarily consisting of dead, keratin-filled cells?
a) Stratum basale
b) Stratum spinosum
c) Stratum corneum
d) Stratum granulosu
C
What function does the abundance of keratin in the stratum corneum serve?
a) Protection against UV radiation
b) Facilitating nutrient absorption
c) Providing insulation
d) Creating a durable protective laye
D
What is the primary role of epidermal dendritic cells found in the epidermis?
a) Producing melanin
b) Creating a waterproof barrier
c) Alerting and activating immune system cells to threats like
bacterial or viral invasion
d) Producing keratin
C
What role do Merkel cells serve in the skin?
a) Producing melanin
b) Determining skin color
c) Serving as touch receptors
d) Regulating body temperatur
C
Where are Merkel cells typically located?
a) In the epidermis
b) In the dermis
c) In hair follicles
d) At the epidermal-dermal junction
D
Which layer of the skin contains many dermal papillae with capillary loops for supplying nutrients to the epidermis?
a) Papillary layer
b) Reticular layer
c) Epidermis
d) Hypodermis
A
Which skin layer contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors known as lamellar corpuscles, and phagocytes?
a) Papillary layer
b) Reticular layer
c) Epidermis
d) Subcutaneous tissue
B
What is the role of lamellar corpuscles in the skin?
a) Producing collagen
b) Sensing pain
c) Detecting deep pressure
d) Secreting sweat
C
How do phagocytes in the reticular layer contribute to skin health?
a) They produce melanin.
b) They secrete oil to lubricate the skin.
c) They prevent bacteria that have penetrated the epidermis
from going deeper into the body.
d) They regulate body temperature
C
What is the role of melanin in protecting the skin from UV radiation?
a) It forms a pigment umbrella over the nucleus.
b) It produces vitamin D.
c) It regulates body temperature
A
What can an unusual tendency to bruising indicate?
a) High blood pressure
b) Vitamin C deficiency
c) Excessive melanin production
d) Hemoglobin overproduction
B
What condition is typically associated with a yellow cast to the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes?
a) Jaundice
b) Anemia
c) Hypertension
d) Hemophili
A
Which of the following is NOT a type of cutaneous gland found in the skin?
a) Sebaceous glands
b) Eccrine glands
c) Liver glands
d) Apocrine gland
C
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
a) Producing sweat for cooling the body
b) Producing sebum to moisturize the skin
c) Secreting metabolic waste products
d) Producing pheromone
B
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?
a) Producing sweat for cooling the body
b) Producing sebum to moisturize the skin
c) Secreting metabolic waste products
d) Producing pheromones
B
