Chapter 2 Prt 2: Cell Physiology Flashcards
Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport?
• a) Active transport moves substances down their concentration gradient, while passive transport uses ATP.
• b) Passive transport requires protein carriers, while active transport occurs without proteins.
• c) Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
• d) Active transport moves large molecules, while passive transport
C
Which of the following statements about diffusion is TRUE?
• a) Diffusion only occurs in cells that use ATP.
• b) The smaller the molecules, the slower diffusion occurs.
• c) Diffusion involves molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
• d) Diffusion speed increases with higher temperature.
Answer: d) Diffusion speed increases with higher temperature.
D
Which of the following processes involves the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell?
• a) Pinocytosis
• b) Phagocytosis
• c) Exocytosis
• d) Facilitated diffusion
C
What is the role of the sodium-potassium (Na⁺-K⁺) pump?
• a) To transport glucose across the cell membrane
• b) To pump sodium and potassium ions along their concentration gradients
• c) To use ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients
• d) To facilitate the entry of large molecules into the cell
C
Which type of transport is used when a cell engulfs extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances?
• a) Phagocytosis
• b) Pinocytosis
• c) Exocytosis
• d) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
B
T or F:
In facilitated diffusion, substances move down their concentration gradient, and the cell uses ATP to assist with transport.
Falsy Walsy
(Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP.)
T or F:
During endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms vesicles to enclose extracellular materials and bring them into the cell.
True
T or F:
The process of receptor-mediated endocytosis is selective, allowing only specific molecules like enzymes and hormones to enter the cell.
True
T or F:
In the sodium-potassium pump, ATP is required to pump three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell.
Falsy Walsy
(It pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in.)
The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure is called ________.
Filtration
During ________, large particles like bacteria are engulfed by the cell and enclosed in vesicles for digestion.
Phagocytosis
The fluid within the vesicles created during endocytosis is often digested by the cell’s ________, which contain digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes
In protein synthesis, the process of converting DNA sequences into mRNA is called ________.
Transcription
What is the scientific term for the cell process in which a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to secrete substances outside the cell?
Exocytosis
What is the name of the process by which cells engulf large particles like bacteria, commonly called “cell eating”?
Phagocytosis
What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?
Active transport
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, what triggers the formation of vesicles?
• a) The concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid
• b) The binding of specific target molecules to receptors on the cell surface
• c) An increase in ATP production
• d) The release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum
B
What process involves the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane without any assistance from proteins or energy?
• a) Facilitated diffusion
• b) Active transport
• c) Simple diffusion
• d) Osmosis
C
Which of the following best describes why the sodium-potassium pump is important for nerve function?
• a) It allows glucose to enter nerve cells for energy.
• b) It maintains a concentration gradient of ions that is crucial for the transmission of nerve impulses.
• c) It increases the temperature in nerve cells, aiding signal transmission.
• d) It facilitates the production of neurotransmitters.
B
Which process is used by cells that specialize in absorbing nutrients, such as those in the small intestine?
• a) Exocytosis
• b) Pinocytosis
• c) Simple diffusion
• d) Filtration
B
Which of the following best describes the process of filtration?
• a) Molecules move from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
• b) Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure from high to low pressure.
• c) Molecules pass through the plasma membrane with the help of transport proteins.
• d) Ions move against their concentration gradient using ATP.
B
Filtration is important for which of the following bodily processes?
• a) Forming urine in the kidneys
• b) Active transport of ions in nerve cells
• c) Protein synthesis in the liver
• d) Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
A
Filtration is important for which of the following bodily processes?
• a) Forming urine in the kidneys
• b) Active transport of ions in nerve cells
• c) Protein synthesis in the liver
• d) Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
A
Which of the following is an example of exocytosis?
• a) Cells engulfing bacteria
• b) A vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane to release hormones outside the cell
• c) Water and solutes being forced out of the capillaries into the kidney tubules
• d) The sodium-potassium pump exchanging ions
B
T or F:
Filtration is a selective process that allows only specific molecules to pass through the membrane.
Falsy
(Filtration is not selective, and only molecules that are small enough pass through.)
T or F:
Both exocytosis and endocytosis are forms of vesicular transport that require ATP.
Truey
T or F:
Filtration relies on hydrostatic pressure, while active transport uses energy from ATP.
True
T or F:
Water molecules enter the cell via simple diffusion
Falsy
Through osmosis: specific channel protein called. aquaporin”
T or F:
Osmosis and facilitated diffusion occur when molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores
True
The ______ the difference between the concentration of two areas, the faster the diffusion
Greater - bigger
During diffusion, molecules have kinetic energy and therefore they move ( up - down ) their concentration gradient
Down
Speed of diffusion is affected by ______ of molecules and ________
Size - temperature
__________ is the most common type of transport in all cells
Diffusion
T or F:
Filtration is the most common type of transport
Falsy - diffusion
Filtration only occurs across _____________
Capillary walls
Scientific term:
the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they
are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated.
Diffusion
Scientific term:
the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane
from the higher-pressure area through the filter to the lower-pressure area by
hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure).
Filtration
T or F:
During filtration: molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
Falsy, from high pressure to lower pressure
Small solutes move from capillaries into the kidney tubules because pressure in capillaries is ______ than fluid pressure in tubules
Greater
T or F:
Filtration is not very selective and allows small molecules to pass so blood cells and proteins can pass through the membrane
Falsy, it is not selective BUT blood cells and proteins are too large and therefore they are held back
The two most important active processes are _________ and _________
active transport, vesicular
transport
Active Transport requires __________ that interact specifically and reversibly with substances.
Protein carriers
Nerve impulses are transmitted normally by ___________.
Sodium-Potassium pumo
T or F:
Pump proteins use ATP to move __sodium ions ____ of the cell and __ potassium ions ____
3 out, 2 in
T or F:
In sodium potassium pump: pump moves one of the ions against their concentration gradient
Falsy
It moves BOTH ions against their concentration gradient
T or F:
In sodium potassium pump: pump moves both ions against their concentration gradient
True
ATP is split into _____ and ______
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic phosphate
_____________ is the process of when phosphate molecules attaches to Na+ K+ pump after ATP
Phosphorylation
_________The changes that the cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides
Cell life
What is the phase in which cells grow and carry out metabolic activities?
Interphase (metabolic phase)
What is the general function of cell?
To produce more cells for growth and repair processes
Name the two events of cell division
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
T or F: cytokinesis begins when mitosis is completely finished
False
Nearly
the process of mitosis involves dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei (identical - different) with genes
Identical
When does DNA replication in mitosis happen?
At the end of interphase and before cell division
DNA replication, the helix will unzip gradually and separate into ______________
Two nucleotide chains
It is always adenine bonds to ________, and guanine that bonds to________
Thymine, cytosine
Each chromosome consist of two identical strands called_______
Sister chromatids
Sister chromatisare held at a specific region. What is it called?
Centromere
When is anaphase over?
When chromatids stop moving
Which phase is the reverse of prophase?
Telophase
When does ctyokinesis occur!
Begins during late anaphase
What happens when the cytoplasm doesn’t divide completely?
We get binucleate or multinucleate cells
_________ are key substances for all aspects of cell life
Scientific term:
Biological catalysts that speed up every chemical reaction that occurs in cells
Enzymes
T or F: Fibrous proteins are structural and globular proteins are function
True
T or F:
Fibrous proteins are structural and globular proteins are functional
Treuy
Scientific term:
When complementary mRNA is made using the information in the DNA gene
Transcription
When the information carried in mRNA molecules is decoded and translated from nucleic acids to proteins
Translation
T or F:
Translation is the process of converting one form of information into another
Falsy
Transcription
T or F:
Transcription is the process of converting one form of information into another form
Truey
Transcription involves the transfer of information from ___________ into the__________ an enzyme called ___________
Sequence of bases in DNA, complementary sequence of mRNA, ءRNA Polymerase
The DNA gene is called a ____and their corresponding three-base sequences on mRNA are called ____
Triplet, codons
T or F:
RNA differs from DNA in being single-stranded and having a deoxyribose sugar and having a Uracil base instead of adenine
من أمّه Falsy 😨
Ribose sugar, U instead of T
RNA differs from DNA in being single-stranded, having a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and having a Uracil base instead of Adenine
SO TRUE
Scientific term
Long and single stranded RNA molecules that resemble half of DNA molecules
mRNA
Messenger RNA carries the message from where to where??
From DNA gene to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
T or F:
During translation, the ribosome brings the anticodon into position for reading by rRNA. As
amino acids are brought by rRNA, peptide bonds are formed by the small subunits of ribosomes.
من أمه falsy
Anticodon, tRNA, large subunits
When is the protein releases during translation?
When the last codon is red (stop codon)
