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Anatomy > Chapter 2 Prt 2: Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Prt 2: Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport?
• a) Active transport moves substances down their concentration gradient, while passive transport uses ATP.
• b) Passive transport requires protein carriers, while active transport occurs without proteins.
• c) Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
• d) Active transport moves large molecules, while passive transport

A

C

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2
Q

Which of the following statements about diffusion is TRUE?
• a) Diffusion only occurs in cells that use ATP.
• b) The smaller the molecules, the slower diffusion occurs.
• c) Diffusion involves molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
• d) Diffusion speed increases with higher temperature.
Answer: d) Diffusion speed increases with higher temperature.

A

D

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3
Q

Which of the following processes involves the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell?
• a) Pinocytosis
• b) Phagocytosis
• c) Exocytosis
• d) Facilitated diffusion

A

C

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4
Q

What is the role of the sodium-potassium (Na⁺-K⁺) pump?
• a) To transport glucose across the cell membrane
• b) To pump sodium and potassium ions along their concentration gradients
• c) To use ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients
• d) To facilitate the entry of large molecules into the cell

A

C

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5
Q

Which type of transport is used when a cell engulfs extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances?
• a) Phagocytosis
• b) Pinocytosis
• c) Exocytosis
• d) Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

B

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6
Q

T or F:
In facilitated diffusion, substances move down their concentration gradient, and the cell uses ATP to assist with transport.

A

Falsy Walsy

(Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP.)

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7
Q

T or F:
During endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms vesicles to enclose extracellular materials and bring them into the cell.

A

True

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8
Q

T or F:
The process of receptor-mediated endocytosis is selective, allowing only specific molecules like enzymes and hormones to enter the cell.

A

True

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9
Q

T or F:
In the sodium-potassium pump, ATP is required to pump three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell.

A

Falsy Walsy
(It pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in.)

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10
Q

The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure is called ________.

A

Filtration

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11
Q

During ________, large particles like bacteria are engulfed by the cell and enclosed in vesicles for digestion.

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

The fluid within the vesicles created during endocytosis is often digested by the cell’s ________, which contain digestive enzymes.

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

In protein synthesis, the process of converting DNA sequences into mRNA is called ________.

A

Transcription

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14
Q

What is the scientific term for the cell process in which a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to secrete substances outside the cell?

A

Exocytosis

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15
Q

What is the name of the process by which cells engulf large particles like bacteria, commonly called “cell eating”?

A

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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17
Q

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?

A

Active transport

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18
Q

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, what triggers the formation of vesicles?
• a) The concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid
• b) The binding of specific target molecules to receptors on the cell surface
• c) An increase in ATP production
• d) The release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

B

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19
Q

What process involves the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane without any assistance from proteins or energy?
• a) Facilitated diffusion
• b) Active transport
• c) Simple diffusion
• d) Osmosis

A

C

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20
Q

Which of the following best describes why the sodium-potassium pump is important for nerve function?
• a) It allows glucose to enter nerve cells for energy.
• b) It maintains a concentration gradient of ions that is crucial for the transmission of nerve impulses.
• c) It increases the temperature in nerve cells, aiding signal transmission.
• d) It facilitates the production of neurotransmitters.

A

B

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21
Q

Which process is used by cells that specialize in absorbing nutrients, such as those in the small intestine?
• a) Exocytosis
• b) Pinocytosis
• c) Simple diffusion
• d) Filtration

A

B

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes the process of filtration?
• a) Molecules move from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
• b) Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure from high to low pressure.
• c) Molecules pass through the plasma membrane with the help of transport proteins.
• d) Ions move against their concentration gradient using ATP.

A

B

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23
Q

Filtration is important for which of the following bodily processes?
• a) Forming urine in the kidneys
• b) Active transport of ions in nerve cells
• c) Protein synthesis in the liver
• d) Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A

A

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24
Q

Filtration is important for which of the following bodily processes?
• a) Forming urine in the kidneys
• b) Active transport of ions in nerve cells
• c) Protein synthesis in the liver
• d) Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A

A

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25
Q

Which of the following is an example of exocytosis?
• a) Cells engulfing bacteria
• b) A vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane to release hormones outside the cell
• c) Water and solutes being forced out of the capillaries into the kidney tubules
• d) The sodium-potassium pump exchanging ions

A

B

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26
Q

T or F:
Filtration is a selective process that allows only specific molecules to pass through the membrane.

A

Falsy

(Filtration is not selective, and only molecules that are small enough pass through.)

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27
Q

T or F:
Both exocytosis and endocytosis are forms of vesicular transport that require ATP.

A

Truey

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28
Q

T or F:
Filtration relies on hydrostatic pressure, while active transport uses energy from ATP.

A

True

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29
Q

T or F:
Water molecules enter the cell via simple diffusion

A

Falsy
Through osmosis: specific channel protein called. aquaporin”

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30
Q

T or F:
Osmosis and facilitated diffusion occur when molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores

A

True

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31
Q

The ______ the difference between the concentration of two areas, the faster the diffusion

A

Greater - bigger

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32
Q

During diffusion, molecules have kinetic energy and therefore they move ( up - down ) their concentration gradient

A

Down

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33
Q

Speed of diffusion is affected by ______ of molecules and ________

A

Size - temperature

34
Q

__________ is the most common type of transport in all cells

A

Diffusion

35
Q

T or F:
Filtration is the most common type of transport

A

Falsy - diffusion

36
Q

Filtration only occurs across _____________

A

Capillary walls

37
Q

Scientific term:
the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they
are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated.

A

Diffusion

38
Q

Scientific term:
the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane
from the higher-pressure area through the filter to the lower-pressure area by
hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure).

A

Filtration

39
Q

T or F:
During filtration: molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Falsy, from high pressure to lower pressure

40
Q

Small solutes move from capillaries into the kidney tubules because pressure in capillaries is ______ than fluid pressure in tubules

A

Greater

41
Q

T or F:
Filtration is not very selective and allows small molecules to pass so blood cells and proteins can pass through the membrane

A

Falsy, it is not selective BUT blood cells and proteins are too large and therefore they are held back

42
Q

The two most important active processes are _________ and _________

A

active transport, vesicular
transport

43
Q

Active Transport requires __________ that interact specifically and reversibly with substances.

A

Protein carriers

44
Q

Nerve impulses are transmitted normally by ___________.

A

Sodium-Potassium pumo

45
Q

T or F:
Pump proteins use ATP to move __sodium ions ____ of the cell and __ potassium ions ____

A

3 out, 2 in

46
Q

T or F:
In sodium potassium pump: pump moves one of the ions against their concentration gradient

A

Falsy
It moves BOTH ions against their concentration gradient

47
Q

T or F:
In sodium potassium pump: pump moves both ions against their concentration gradient

A

True

48
Q

ATP is split into _____ and ______

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic phosphate

49
Q

_____________ is the process of when phosphate molecules attaches to Na+ K+ pump after ATP

A

Phosphorylation

50
Q

_________The changes that the cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides

A

Cell life

51
Q

What is the phase in which cells grow and carry out metabolic activities?

A

Interphase (metabolic phase)

52
Q

What is the general function of cell?

A

To produce more cells for growth and repair processes

53
Q

Name the two events of cell division

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

54
Q

T or F: cytokinesis begins when mitosis is completely finished

A

False
Nearly

55
Q

the process of mitosis involves dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei (identical - different) with genes

A

Identical

56
Q

When does DNA replication in mitosis happen?

A

At the end of interphase and before cell division

57
Q

DNA replication, the helix will unzip gradually and separate into ______________

A

Two nucleotide chains

58
Q

It is always adenine bonds to ________, and guanine that bonds to________

A

Thymine, cytosine

59
Q

Each chromosome consist of two identical strands called_______

A

Sister chromatids

60
Q

Sister chromatisare held at a specific region. What is it called?

A

Centromere

61
Q

When is anaphase over?

A

When chromatids stop moving

62
Q

Which phase is the reverse of prophase?

A

Telophase

63
Q

When does ctyokinesis occur!

A

Begins during late anaphase

64
Q

What happens when the cytoplasm doesn’t divide completely?

A

We get binucleate or multinucleate cells

65
Q

_________ are key substances for all aspects of cell life

A
66
Q

Scientific term:
Biological catalysts that speed up every chemical reaction that occurs in cells

A

Enzymes

67
Q

T or F: Fibrous proteins are structural and globular proteins are function

A

True

68
Q

T or F:
Fibrous proteins are structural and globular proteins are functional

A

Treuy

69
Q

Scientific term:
When complementary mRNA is made using the information in the DNA gene

A

Transcription

70
Q

When the information carried in mRNA molecules is decoded and translated from nucleic acids to proteins

A

Translation

71
Q

T or F:
Translation is the process of converting one form of information into another

A

Falsy
Transcription

72
Q

T or F:
Transcription is the process of converting one form of information into another form

A

Truey

73
Q

Transcription involves the transfer of information from ___________ into the__________ an enzyme called ___________

A

Sequence of bases in DNA, complementary sequence of mRNA, ءRNA Polymerase

74
Q

The DNA gene is called a ____and their corresponding three-base sequences on mRNA are called ____

A

Triplet, codons

75
Q

T or F:
RNA differs from DNA in being single-stranded and having a deoxyribose sugar and having a Uracil base instead of adenine

A

من أمّه Falsy 😨
Ribose sugar, U instead of T

76
Q

RNA differs from DNA in being single-stranded, having a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and having a Uracil base instead of Adenine

A

SO TRUE

77
Q

Scientific term
Long and single stranded RNA molecules that resemble half of DNA molecules

A

mRNA

78
Q

Messenger RNA carries the message from where to where??

A

From DNA gene to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

79
Q

T or F:
During translation, the ribosome brings the anticodon into position for reading by rRNA. As
amino acids are brought by rRNA, peptide bonds are formed by the small subunits of ribosomes.

A

من أمه falsy
Anticodon, tRNA, large subunits

80
Q

When is the protein releases during translation?

A

When the last codon is red (stop codon)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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