Chapter 2 Part 1: Cell Anatomy Flashcards
In what context does the glycocalyx form the basis for
compatibility of blood transfusion and organ transplants?
A) It determines the color of blood cells.
B) It regulates the immune response.
C) It contains antibodies for compatibility testing.
D) It has specific molecules that need to match to prevent
rejection.
D
What is the role of the glycocalyx in fertilization?
A) It provides nutrients to developing embryos.
B) It prevents fertilization from occurring.
C) It enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs.
D) It acts as a barrier against pathogens.
C
How does the glycocalyx contribute to immunity to infection?
A) By forming a physical barrier around the cell.
B) By secreting antibodies.
C) By enabling the immune system to recognize and selectively
attack foreign organisms.
D) By producing enzymes that break down pathogens.
C
Glycoproteins can play a significant role in which of the
following cellular processes?
A) DNA replication
B) Cellular respiration
C) Cell-cell interactions and recognition
D) Photosynthesis
C
What are glycoproteins, and what is one of their functions?
A) Proteins with attached lipids, important for membrane stability
B) Proteins with attached carbohydrates, facilitating cellular recognition
C) Proteins with attached nucleic acids, serving as genetic material
D) None of the mentioned
B
Which type of membrane proteins physically link intracellular
structures with extracellular structures?
A) Receptors
B) Transporters
C) Enzymes
D) Anchor proteins
D
What is the primary function of enzymes in the membrane?
A) Transporting molecules across the membrane
B) Anchoring intracellular structures
C) Transforming molecules into other forms
D) Activating intracellular processes
C
How do receptors in the membrane function when they bind
an extracellular ligand or molecule?
A) They carry out enzymatic reactions.
B) They transport molecules across the membrane.
C) They activate intracellular processes.
D) They anchor intracellular structures.
C
Which type of membrane proteins carry molecules, such as glucose, from one side of the plasma membrane to the other?
A) Enzymes
B) Receptors
C) Transporters
D) Anchor proteins
C
What type of proteins in the lipid bilayer are primarily
responsible for most specialized functions of the membrane?
A) Intracellular proteins
B) Extracellular proteins
C) Transmembrane proteins
D) Cytoplasmic proteins
C
What term describes the loose network of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing?
a) Chromosomes
b) Nucleoplasm
c) Chromatin
d) Nucleolus
C
What is the role of nucleoli within the nucleus?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Controlling DNA replication
c) Assembling ribosomes
d) Controlling nuclear envelope permeability
c
What is the role of nucleoli within the nucleus?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Controlling DNA replication
c) Assembling ribosomes
d) Controlling nuclear envelope permeability
c
What is the function of nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?
a) They prevent substances from entering the nucleus.
b) They allow all substances to freely pass into the nucleus.
c) They regulate the passage of substances into and out of the
nucleus.
d) They maintain the shape of the nucleus.
c
What is the genetic material in a cell that contains instructions
for building the whole body?
a) Proteins
b) RNA
c) DNA
d) Enzymes
c
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Cell division
c) Controlling cell shape
d) Nucleus has no specific role
b
What are the three main regions or parts common to all cells?
a) Cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus
b) Nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria
c) Nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
d) Cell membrane, cytoskeleton, mitochondria
c
How does the glycocalyx regulate blood cells in blood vessels?
A) It secretes hormones to control blood cell production.
B) It prevents blood cell formation.
C) It controls the volume of red blood cells in blood vessels.
D) It releases leukocytes into the bloodstream.
C
T or F:
Epithelial cells are footloose
Falsy walsy
They are knit into tight communities
Name three footloose cells
-Blood cells
-Sperm cells
-Phagocytic cells
Scientific term:
junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets.
Tight junctions
T or F:
Tight junctions are impermeable
T
Which junction is responsible for preventing digestive enzymes from seeping into the blood stream?
Tight junctions
(Adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly to prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells)
Which junctions are buttonlike thickenings of adjacent plasma
membranes?
Desmosomes (they’re like plaques)
Name three ways cells bind together
-glycocalyx (through glycoproteins)
-wavy contours(tongue and groove)
-junctions
Name the three types of cell junctions:
-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap junctions
Which type of junction is commonly found in the heart?
Gap junctions (for communication)
What is the role of glycocalyx in cell adhesion?
A) it acts as a protective barrier against pathogens.
B) Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive or cellular glue.
C) It provides structural support to the cell.
D) It helps cells generate energy through glycolysis.
B
Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of cell
membrane junctions mentioned?
a. Tight junctions
b. Desmosomes
c. Gap junctions
d. Nucleus junctions
D
Tight junctions primarily function to:
a. Anchor adjacent cells together.
b. Allow communication between cells.
c. Prevent substances from passing between cells.
d. Provide mechanical support to cells.
c
In which part of the body would you expect to find tight junctions preventing digestive enzymes from entering the bloodstream?
a. Small intestine
b. Lungs
c. Kidneys
d. Liver
A
The structural components of desmosomes include:
a. Hollow cylinders composed of proteins.
b. Tight fusion of adjacent plasma membranes.
c. Fine protein filaments connecting buttonlike thickenings.
d. Transmembrane protein plaques
C
What allows chemical molecules, such as nutrients or ions, to pass directly between neighboring cells in gap junctions?
Hollow (empty) cylinders composed of proteins (connexons)
Scientific term:
the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
Where do most cellular activities happen?
Cytoplasm
Which structure is considered the “factory floor” of the cell?
Cytoplasm
What are the three major components of cytoplasm “
-cytosol
-inclusions
-organelles
T or F:
Cytoplasm is a semitransparent fluid that suspends organelles and inclusions
Falsy walsy
truth: cytosol
What solutes dissolve in cytosol?
Ions (Na+ and K+), macromolecules, calcium and enzymes
Scientific term: chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type.
Inclusions
Most inclusions are ___________ or _________
stored nutrients, cell products
What structure is the pantry of the cell?
Inclusions
Give 5 examples of inclusions:
-lipid droplets (in fat cells)
-glycogen granules (liver and moskel cells)
-pigment (melanin) in skin and hair cells
-mucus and other secretory products
-different crystals
Scientific term:
specialized cellular compartments that are the metabolic machinery of the
cell.
Organells
T or F:
Organelles aren’t surrounded by a membrane
Falsy walsy
why do organelles need their own membranes?
To maintain an internal environment different from that of the surrounding cytosol
T or F:
Mitochondria are represented as rodlike, single-membrane structures.
Falsy
they’re double membrane
Inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into projections called ________.
Cristae
What carries out cellular aerobic respiration in mitochondria?
The enzymes dissolved within the mitochondria’s fluid (matrix) and enzymes that form part of the cristae membrane
Scientific term:
the “break down” of
glucose) and ATP synthesis
Cellular aerobic respiration
Give the equation for cellular respiration:
Glucose + oxygen —> CO2 + Water + ATP
How does the mitochondria replicate itself?
Pinching process
T or F:
An unfertilized egg has more mitochondria than liver cells
Falsy
former is inactive therefore doesn’t need much mitochondria
How do mitochondria replicate themselves?:
a. Through cellular division
b. Through budding or pinching off
c. By fusing with neighboring organelles
d. By secreting enzymes
B
Scientific term:
bilobed, dark bodies made of two subunits, each consist
of ribosomal RNA and protein.
Ribosomes
T or F:
All ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Falsy walsy
Some are attached, some are free in the cytoplasm
ribosomes attached to membranes of rough ER produce proteins for______ the cell, whereas freely floating Ribosomes produce proteins for _______the cell.
Outside, inside
Where are ribosomes located in the cell?
a. Inside the nucleus
b. Attached to the mitochondria
c. Free in the cytoplasm and
attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum
d. Only in the Golgi apparatus
C
What is the role of ribosomes that float freely in the
cytoplasm?
They manufacture proteins that function inside the cell
Where do ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) produce proteins?
They produce proteins that function inside the cell.
b. They manufacture lipids for export.
c. They produce proteins that function outside the cell.
d. They synthesize DNA.
C
What structure is the “network within the cytoplasm”?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Scientific term:
is a system of fluid-
filled tunnels (or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum
T or F:
ER is continuous with the nuclear envelope and accounts for about a quarter of a cell’s
membrane
Falsy
Half
How does the ER serve as a mini circulatory system for the cell?
it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from one part of the cell
to another.
T or F:
All cells have both rough and soft ER
Falsy walsy
It could have both or only one; depending on its function
Why is the rough ER called rough?
Because it’s studded with ribosomes
How are proteins dispatched to the cell after leaving ER?
In small sacs of membranes called “transport vesicles” that carry substances around the cell
Which organelle is the site of production for all membrane components?
rough ER
T or F:
Rough ER is especially abundant in cells that make (synthesize) and export (secrete)
proteins
True
In addition to protein synthesis, what other role does the membrane of the rough ER play?
Synthesizing transmembrane proteins and lipids for various
organelles
T or F:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a small role in protein synthesis
Falsy
It has no role😢😢
Why doesn’t the smooth ER play a role in protein synthesis?
Because it lacks ribosomes
What is the metabolic function of smooth ER?
Cholesterol, fat synthesis, fat breakdown and detoxification of drugs
What kind of cells is the smooth ER most abundant in?
Cells that produce steroid-based hormones, i.e. male testes that make testosterone
Which organelle is the main traffic director for cellular protein?
Golgi apparatus
What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
Modify, package and ship proteins that are sent to it by rough ER’s transport vesicles
Scientific term:
are membranous bags containing powerful digestive
enzymes
Lysosomes
The enzymes in lysosomes are formed by __________ and packaged by ___________ and they arise by _________________
Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, budding from Golgi apparatus
Which organelle functions as a cellular stomach?
Lysosomes
What is the function of lysosomes?
They digest worn-out or non-usable cell structures, and digest foreign substances that enter the cell
Where are lysosomes most abundant?
White blood cells called phagocyte
Name the two enzymes in peroxisomes
Oxidase and catalase
What’s the function of oxidase and catalase?
They detoxify a number of harmful, toxic substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde, and neutralize free radicals within cells
Scientific term:
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can damage the structure of
proteins and nucleic acids.
Free radicals
What is the specific role of oxidase?
Converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (still dangerous)
What is the specific function of catalase?
Convert hydrogen peroxide into water, and convert alcohol and formaldehyde into water as well
T or F:
Oxidase converts free radicals into water
falsy walsy
It converts it into hydrogen peroxide
T or F:
Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water, and also formaldehyde and alcohol into water
Truey
Where can we find peroxisomes?
In the liver and kidney, which are very active and detoxification
T or F:
Peroxisomes bud from Golgi apparatus
Falsy
They bud directly from ER
Name the two methods of peroxisome replication
-pinching in half
-bud directly from ER
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in a cell?
Detoxification and neutralization of harmful substances
How is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) further processed to
become non-dangerous?
By the enzyme catalase, which converts it to water (H2O)
What do oxidase enzymes in peroxisomes convert free radicals
into?
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
How do peroxisomes replicate themselves?
a. By synthesizing new enzymes
b. By pinching in half, similar to mitochondria
c. By budding directly from the Golgi apparatus
d. By undergoing fission within the nucleus
B
Scientific term:
network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm.
Cytoskeleton
What’s the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provide structure for cell support
organelles, and facilitates intracellular transport
and provides the machinery for movement of cell
T or F:
one of the functions of the cytoskeleton is that is facilitate extracellular transport
Falsy walsy
Intracellular **
Name the three major components of the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Give example of a microfilament in the cytoskeleton
Actin
Which structure in the cell is responsible for forming centrioles?
Microtubules
List the five functions of microtubules
- Provides structure for cells and gives it shape
- Supports organelles within the cell
- Facilitates intracellular transport
- Provides the machinery for the movement of cells (eg, cilia and flagella).
- They form centrioles that are important for cell division.
Scientific term:
paired centrioles located near the nucleus
Centrosome
Scientific term:
cylindrical rod-shaped bodies which are made up of nine triplets of fine microtubules.
Centriole
Name the two functions of centrioles
- Centrioles generate microtubules (bases of cilia and flagella)
- Form mitotic spindle during cell division.
What are microtubules primarily composed of?
a. Actin subunits
b. Tubulin subunits
c. Myosin subunits
d. Keratin subunits
B
Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules?
a. Providing structure for cells
b. Supporting organelles within
the cell
c. Facilitating extracellular transport
d. Providing the machinery for cell movement
C
Which cellular appendages rely on microtubules for their
movement?
Cilia and Flagella
What cellular structures are formed by microtubules and are
important for cell division?
Centriols
Cell ______ and number of _______ indicate its function
shape, organelles
What is the purpose of biconcave disc shape in erythrocytes?
It maximizes oxygen uptake and reduces cell resistance, allowing it
to pass through the bloodstream easily.
T or F:
Erythrocytes shed (get rid of) a few of its organelles in order to accommodate the pigment that transports
oxygen
Falsy walsy
It sheds ALL the other organelles
How does the structure and shape of epithelial cells assist its function?
shape of epithelial cells allow them to pack together in sheets.
T or F:
An epithelial cell has abundant microfilaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled
Falsy
intermediate filaments *
What is the purpose of intermediate filaments and desmosomes in epithelial cells?
They resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled.
Scientific term:
the study of the functions that occur within cell
Cell physiology
Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary elements that make up the bulk of living matter?
• a) Carbon
• b) Hydrogen
• c) Iron
• d) Oxygen
C
What is the structure that encloses a cell and separates its internal components from the external environment?
• a) Cytoplasm
• b) Nucleus
• c) Cell wall
• d) Plasma membrane
D
Which of the following functions is carried out by the ribosomes attached to the rough ER?
• a) Production of lipids
• b) Protein synthesis for export
• c) ATP production
• d) DNA replication
B
Which of the following is a major function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• a) Detoxification of drugs
• b) Protein synthesis
• c) Glucose metabolism
• d) DNA replication
A
What is the role of gap junctions in the cell?
• a) Allow communication between adjacent cells
• b) Provide structural support
• c) Prevent substances from passing between cells
• d) Anchor adjacent cells together
A
T or F:
The mitochondria are responsible for synthesizing proteins within the cell.
False
T or F:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism.
Truey
T or F:
Tight junctions allow for free passage of molecules between cells.
Falsy
(Tight junctions prevent substances from passing between cells.)
T or F:
The cytosol is primarily responsible for storing nutrients and cellular waste products.
Falsy
(The cytosol is a fluid that suspends organelles and allows metabolic reactions to occur.)
The cellular process that takes place in the ribosomes attached to the rough ER is ________.
Protein synthesis
The fluid within the nuclear envelope that suspends nucleoli and chromatin is called ________.
Nucleoplasm
What is the term for the small finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area for absorption?
Microvilli
What is the term for the protein structures in the cytoskeleton that help cells resist mechanical stress?
Intermediate filaments
Which type of cellular protein allows for molecules like glucose to pass through the plasma membrane?
• a) Anchor proteins
• b) Receptor proteins
• c) Transport proteins
• d) Enzymes
C
What happens to chromatin during cell division?
• a) It unravels into RNA
• b) It condenses to form chromosomes
• c) It dissolves in the nuclear envelope
• d) It forms nucleol
B
What would happen if tight junctions in intestinal cells failed?
• a) Nutrients would not be absorbed
• b) Digestive enzymes could leak into the bloodstream
• c) Cells would be unable to communicate
• d) Mucus production would increase
B
T or F:
Chromatin consists of DNA wound around histones to form a loose network within the nucleus when the cell is dividing.
Falsy
When the cell IS dividing
The ________ in the plasma membrane are responsible for transporting specific molecules across the membrane.
Transport proteins
The ________ in the plasma membrane are responsible for transporting specific molecules across the membrane.
Transport proteins
The ________ junctions prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells by binding them tightly together.
Tight
Which part of the cell membrane is responsible for its impermeability to most water-soluble molecules?
• a) Glycoproteins
• b) Phospholipid heads
• c) Cholesterol molecules
• d) Phospholipid tails
D
What is the scientific term for the cell’s “control center,” which contains the genetic material?
Nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by the ________, which regulates the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
What is the name of the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that suspends organelles and other cellular structures?
Cytosol
Which component of the plasma membrane plays a crucial role in cell recognition and immune responses?
• a) Glycoproteins
• b) Phospholipids
• c) Transport proteins
• d) Cytoskeleton
A
What is the primary role of transporters, a type of transmembrane protein, in the plasma membrane?
• a) To bind extracellular molecules and trigger intracellular processes
• b) To carry molecules, such as glucose, across the plasma membrane
• c) To anchor the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane
• d) To synthesize proteins for export
B
Which type of transmembrane protein binds an extracellular ligand and triggers an intracellular process?
• a) Transporters
• b) Receptors
• c) Enzymes
• d) Anchors
B
What is one of the key functions of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
• a) Facilitating cell-cell recognition
• b) Generating ATP for cellular energy
• c) Breaking down toxic substances
• d) Producing proteins for export
A
Which function of the glycocalyx is crucial in preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells?
• a) Protection from chemical injury
• b) Cell adhesion
• c) Immunity to infection
• d) Transplant compatibility
C
How do transmembrane proteins such as enzymes in the plasma membrane function?
• a) They carry molecules across the membrane
• b) They break down molecules into other forms
• c) They physically anchor cells to each other
• d) They generate ATP from glucose
B
Which of the following is NOT a function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
• a) Acting as enzymes
• b) Binding bacteria, viruses, or toxins
• c) Synthesizing proteins
• d) Providing receptor sites for hormones
C
T or F:
The glycocalyx plays a key role in protecting the plasma membrane from chemical injury.
True
Transmembrane proteins called ________ can bind extracellular molecules, initiating a cascade of intracellular signals.
Receptors
A primary function of glycoproteins is to provide ________ sites for hormones and other chemicals.
Receptor
What is the term for a membrane protein that helps cells recognize each other and bind pathogens?
Glycoproteins
How do anchor proteins in the plasma membrane function?
• a) They physically link intracellular structures to the extracellular matrix
• b) They bind hormones to trigger cellular responses
• c) They prevent substances from passing between cells
• d) They transport nutrients across the membrane
A
Which of the following roles does the glycocalyx NOT perform?
• a) Protecting the plasma membrane from chemical injury
• b) Providing mechanical support to the cytoskeleton
• c) Enabling the immune system to recognize foreign organisms
• d) Facilitating cell adhesion
B
Which function of glycoproteins is crucial in the development of tissues during embryonic growth?
• a) Acting as enzymes to break down waste
• b) Facilitating cell-cell interactions and recognition
• c) Producing energy for cellular activities
• d) Synthesizing structural proteins
B
The plasma membrane’s role in cellular activities is largely regulated by ________, which can serve as enzymes, receptors, or transporters.
Transmembrane proteins
