Chapter 2 part 3: tissues Flashcards
scientific term
group of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissues
name the four primary tissue types
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle tissue
name the general functions for epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues
covering
support
control
movement
T or F:
most organs contain similar tissues
falsy
usually they contain several tissue types
T or F:
most organs contain several types of tissues
truey weuy
name three body locations of nervous tissues
brain
spinal cord
nerves
name the three types of muscle tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
scientific term
tissues thatform boundaries between different environments and protect and secrete and absorb and filter
epithelial
generally, where can we find connective tissue
bones
tendons
fat and other padding tissue
what is the function of epithelial tissues?
protection (i.e. lining of rspr tract)
absorption (i.e. digestive system)
filtration (kidney)
secretion (gland)
T or F:
epithelial tissues are separate from one another
falsy
they fit closely and form sheets
T or F:
epithelial tissues fit closely together and form sheets
truey wuey
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes
falsy
all of them except glandular tissues
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in anchoring junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues
falsy
tight not anchoring
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues
truey
the ___ surface is the free surface of epithelial tissues
apical
the lower surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane
truey wuey
T or F:
the apical surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane
falsy
the lower surface
T or F:
epithelial tissues regenerate easily
truey (IF WELL NOURISHED)
what is the function of squamous epithelium?
diffusion and filtration
secretion in serous membranes
T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
falsy
that’s squamous epithelium function
T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
T or F:
squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
truey
as well as secretion in serous membranes
which type of epithelium is rare in humans:
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified transitional epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium
B
T or F:
stratified squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
falsy
stratified play a role in protection
T or F:
simple squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
truey
which type of epithelium doesn’t exist: (stratified transitional - simple transitional)
simple transitional
name the function of stratified transitional epithelium
protection: stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structuresa
simple squamous epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where ___ and ___ occur
membranes, filtration, diffusion
______ epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where diffusion and ___ occur
simple squamous, filtration
which type of epithelium form the air sacs (Alveoli) of the lungs?
simple squamous epithelium
name two locations of simple squamous epithelial tissue
alveoli in lungs; gas exchange
capillary walls; allow nutrients and gases to pass between blood and interstitial fluid
T or F:
simple squamous epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
falsy walsy
it’s simple cuboidal
T or F:
simple columnar epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
falsy walsy
it’s simple cuboidal
T or F:
simple cuboidal epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
truey
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules?
secretion and absorption
which type of epithelium is found in ducts and glands and what is its function?
simple cuboidal, secretion
which type of epithelium is found in ovaries and what is its function?
simple cuboidal, secretion
which type of epithelium is found in bronchioles and what is its function?
simple cuboidal: ciliated SCE cells move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells
what is the role of simple cuboidal epithelium cells in bronchioles?
they move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells
which type of epithelium lines the entire digestive tract and what is its function?
simple columnar, absorption and secretion
how do simple columnar epithelium cells produce mucus?
the goblet cells in SCE produce lubricating mucus
which epithelium has goblet cells that produce lubricating mucus?
simple columnar
T or F:
all pseudostratified columnar epitheliums rest on a basement
falsy
not all of them
شويّة بس
what makes pseudostratified columnar epi appear as falsy stratified?
some cells are shorter than the others
nuclei are positioned at different heights above the basement membrane
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epi?
secretion and absorption
most of the respiratory tract is lined with ____ epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
name the epithelium lining each of these groups:
bronchioles
alveoli
nose, trachea, bronchi
simple cuboidal (ciliated)
simple squamous
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
name the two epi’s that have goblet cells
simple cuboidal and pseudostratified columnar
differentiate between the function of mucus produced in simple cuboidal vs pseudostratified columnar
- lubricating: lining the body cavities
- capturing dust
describe the structure of stratified squamous epithelium
squamous cells lining the free edge (roof)
columnar and cuboidal lining the base
in stratified squamous epithelium: ___ line the free edge whereas __ line the base
squamous cells, columnar and cuboidal cells
where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
areas subjected to friction or abuse (mouth, skin esophagus)
what is the function of stratified squamous epi?
protection
how is stratified cuboidal epi structured?
typically two layers of cuboidal shaped cells
how is stratified columnar epi structured?
surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
truey
T or F:
in stratified cuboidal epi: surface cells are cuboidal shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
falsy
replace every “cuboidal” with columnar
T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: inner cells are columnar shaped whereas the surface cells are different shaped
falsy
swap inner and surface
T or F:
stratified columnar epi is usually made of two layers of columnar cells
falsy
this applies to stratified cuboidal: two cuboidal cells
which epi’s are rare and are only found in large ducts and glands?
stratified cuboidal and columnar
stratified cuboidal and columnar are rare, where are they mostly found?
large ducts and glands
___ epi forms the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters and some of the urethra
transitional epithelium
what are the basal cells of transitional epi made of?
cuboidal or columnar
in transitional epi: basal cells are __ or __ whereas surface cells are ___
cuboidal or columnar, different types of cells
during ___, transitional epi thins like a rubber band and surface cells become squamous
stretching (distension)
in the absence of stretching, transitional epi is ___ layered and superficial cells are __ shaped
many, dome
describe the transitional epi during stretching
many layered, surface cells are dome shaped
describe the transitional epi during distension
flattened cells, surface cells become squamous
explain how the structure of cells in transitional epi aids in the storing and flowing of urine
the cells slide past each other, they transition and allow ureter to stretch, causing urine to flow or more urine to be stored in the bladder
what do gland secretions contain?
protein molecules and aqueous fluids
define secretion
it is an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them
scientific term:
an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them
secretion
name the two types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
T or F:
endocrine glands are ductless
true
T or F:
exocrine glands are ductless
falsy
they have ducts
T or F:
endocrine glands have ducts
no they do not
T or F:
secreted hormones exit endocrine glands through ductd
falsy
they diffuse directly into bl.v in glands
T or F:
exocrine gland secretions exit by directly diffusing to the bl.v in the gland
falsy
this describes endocrine gland secretions (hormones)
exocrine gland secretions exit through ducts to the surface or a body cavity
what is the most abundant tissue in the body?
connective tissue
what is the function of connective tissue?
protection
support
binding other tissues together
T or F:
connective tissues have a good blood supply everywhere
falsy
except for tendons and ligaments
why do tendon, ligament and cartilage injuries heal slowly?
because the connective tissues in tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply, cartilages are avascular
why would some rather break a bone than tear a ligament?
because ligaments have poor blood supply so they heal slowly
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generally, what are connective tissues made of?
different types of living cells
nonliving extracellular matrix
name the major connective tissue classes
bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood
what differentiates one connective tissue from another?
cell types.
fiber types
number of fibers
compare bone tissues and adipose tissues in terms of cell types and matrix
- few cells, large hard matrix
- mainly made of cells, soft matrix
scientific term:
fibers that possess high tensile strength
collagen fibers
scientific term:
yellow fibers that can stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
scientific term:
fine collagen fibers that make organs like the spleen
reticular fibers
how are fibers in connective tissue made?
connective tissue cells produce monomers (fiber building blocks) then excrete them to extracellular space where they form fibers
how do connective tissue fibers help organs?
they form a packing tissue, lining the organ and making it withstand stretch and abrasion and able to carry weight
generally, what is the ECM in connective tissue made of?
water
cell adhesive proteins
polysaccharide molecules
what is the function of cell adhesive proteins in ECM of connective tissues?
they attach cells to the fibers
what are polysaccharide molecules and what is their function in ECM of connective tissue?
large and charged particles
they trap the water in the ground substance of ECM, thus controlling consistency of the connective tissue
bones are made of cells called ___ sitting in cavities calles __
osteocytes, lucunae
what is lucunae in bones surrounded by?
layers of very hard matrix, containing calcium salts and a lot of collagen fibers
what is lucunae?
they’re cavities in which osteocytes in bones sit
how is cartilage constructed? (cells - matrix)
chondrocytes in lucunae
name the three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
what is the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
describe hyaline cartilages in terms of fibers and matrix
many collagen fibers, in a rubbery matrix, which is glassy and blue-white appearance
which type of cartilage forms the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
which type of cartilage cover bone ends and joints?
hyaline cartilage
the skeleton of a fetus is made largely of _______
hyaline cartilages
all hyaline cartilages in a baby eventually are replaced by bones except what?
epiphyseal (growth) plate in long bones, which allow the bone to grow in length
scientific term:
highly compressible cartilage forming the cushioning disks between vertebrae in spinal column
fibrocartilages
which type of cartilages make up the cushioning disks between vertebrae?
fibrocartilages
where can we find elastic cartilages?
ears
dense connective tissue is composed primarily of ____ fibers
collagen
collagen fibers in dense connective tissue are surrounded by ___
fibroblasys
which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
dense connective tissues
where can we find dense connective tissues?
in tendons and ligaments
in the lower skin layer (dermis)
T or F:
loose connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue
truey
T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue
falsy
less cells and less fibers
T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than dense connective tissue
falsy
more cells
less fibers
T or F:
dense connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than loose connective tissue
falsy
swap dense with loose
T or F:
dense connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than loose connective tissue
truey
name the three types of connective tissues
areolar
adipose
reticular
what is the most widely distributed type of loose connective tissue in the body?
areolar connective tissue
which type of connective tissue acts as a packing tissue which protects and cushions organs
areolar loose connective tissue
which type of loose connective tissue acts as a tissue glue? and how?
areolar loose connective tissue. Holds internal organs in their proper positions
name the four main functions of loose areolar CT?
packing tissue
tissue glue
reservoir for water and salts
absorbs excess fluid during inflammation
how does areolar loose CT act as a packing tissue?
it cushions and protects organs
how does areolar loose CT act as a tissue glue?
holding internal organs in their proper positions
how does areolar loose CT act as a reservoir?
stores water and salts + provides nutrients + gets rid of excess waste from surrounding tissues
what is the role of areolar loose CT during inflammation?
it absorbs excess fluid like a sponge, forming edema
what two layers does the lamina propria seperate?
innermost layer of epithelial cells
smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)
from top to bottom, which is the correct order of these layers:
A) muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells, lamina propria
B) lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells
C) muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelial cells
D) epithelial cell, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
C
T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a loose connective tissue with many fat cells
truey
T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a dense connective tissue with many fat cells
falsy
it’s loose
T or F:
adipose/fat cells are mostly oil and they push the nucleus to one side
truey
name three functions of adipose tissue
- forms the subcutaneous layer: insulating the body and protection from heat
- cushions organs (i.e. kidney, eyeballs)
- store fat in hips, breasts and belly to be used as fuel
which type of connective tissue form the stroma (internal framework) of organs, i.e. spleen?
reticular CT
what does the stroma contain?
free blood cells (mostly leukocytes called lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow
how does the stroma serve bone marrow?
the stroma (made of reticular connective tissue) supports free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) in bone marrow
what is the stroma, and where is it found?
stroma is an internal framework of an organ made of reticular connective tissue
can be found in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow
why is the blood considered a connective tissue?
because it’s made of living cells (blood cells) and a surrounding matrix (blood plasma)
what are the fibers in the blood?
soluble proteins
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re only visible during ____
blood clottingT
T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re always visible
falsy
only visible during blood clotting
T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re only visible during blood clotting
truey
which muscles can be controlled voluntarily?
skeletal muscles
what is the purpose behind skeletal muscle cells being elongated?
to provide a long axis of contraction
describe muscle cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance
elongated (to provide long contraction axis)
cylindrical
multinucleated
striations (stripes)
describe cardiac cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance
short
branching
single nucleus
striations
what is the name of the junction that connect cardiac moskles?
intercalated discs
what are intercalated discs?
they are junctions at which cardiac moskles fit tightly together
what do intercalated discs contain?
they contain gap junctions (connexons) that allow ions to freely pass between cells
what is the purpose of gap junctions/connexons in cardiac cells?
they allow ions to pass freely between cells, so cells form a functional syncytium which lets rapid electrical signals to be transmitted across the heart for contraction
smooth moskel cells (do - do not) have striations
do not
describe smooth moskel cells in terms of striations, nuclei and location
no striations (stripes)
one nucleus
hallow organs
which type of moskel tissue is found in blood vessels?
smooth moskel tissue
why do we need moskel contraction of smooth moskels in hallow organs?
contractions allow substances to mix or flow through it (stomach, blood vessel)
which type of moskel moves the slowest?
smooth moskel
scientific term:
a wave-like motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine
peristalsis
name the two cells of nervous tissue
neurons, neuraglia
what are the two major characteristics of neurons?
irritability and conductivity
what is the role of cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites, axons)
allow electric impulses to reach distant parts of the body
what are neuraglia?
supporting cells of the nervous system
insulate and support and protect neurons in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
injuries trigger the body’s tissue repair in two ways, what are they?
regeneration and fibrosis
describe what happens in regenration
the destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells, epithelia and CT regenerate well
describe what happens in fibrosis
scar tissue is formed from dense connective tissue
T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by fibrosis
truey
T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by regeneration
falsy
fibrosis
differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis
regeneration: destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells
fibrosis: scar tissue is formed by dense CT
which phase of life does the growth of cells by cell division continues?
puberty
give two examples of mitotic cells
epithelium cells (can replace lost cells throughout life)
CT (forms repair <scar> tissue)</scar>
give two examples of amitotic cells
moskel cells
nervous cells
T or F:
moskel cells are amitotic since birth
falsy
they become amitotic at the end of puberty
T or F:
nervous cells are mitotic
falsy
they become amitotic shortly after birth
what does abnormal cell division result in?
benign and cancerous neoplasms
define hyperplasia
a process of an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size
scientific term:
a process of an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size
hyperplasia
T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell size
falsy
cell number
T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell number
truey
what causes/triggers hyperplasia?
specific stimuli such as hormones, injury or a specific need for increased cell productionq
what is the result of hyperplasia?
an enlarged or hypertrophied tissue or organ due to the proliferation of cells
give an example of hyperplasia
the enlargment of breast tissue when preggo (due to hormonal changes)
benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes
what triggere benign prostatic hyperplasia?
aging and hormonal changes
scientific term:
a condition where the prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes
benign prostatic hyperplasia
scientific term:
a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells
atrophy
define atrophy
a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells
name five causes for atrophy
inactivity
low blood supply
malnutrition
aging
medical conditions
what does atrophy result in?
decrease in mass and function of the affected tissue or organ
give an example of atrophy
moskel atrophy in bedridden indivisuals
