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Anatomy > Chapter 2 part 3: tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 2 part 3: tissues Flashcards

1
Q

scientific term
group of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

tissues

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2
Q

name the four primary tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle tissue

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3
Q

name the general functions for epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues

A

covering
support
control
movement

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4
Q

T or F:
most organs contain similar tissues

A

falsy
usually they contain several tissue types

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5
Q

T or F:
most organs contain several types of tissues

A

truey weuy

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6
Q

name three body locations of nervous tissues

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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7
Q

name the three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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8
Q

scientific term
tissues thatform boundaries between different environments and protect and secrete and absorb and filter

A

epithelial

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9
Q

generally, where can we find connective tissue

A

bones
tendons
fat and other padding tissue

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10
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissues?

A

protection (i.e. lining of rspr tract)
absorption (i.e. digestive system)
filtration (kidney)
secretion (gland)

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11
Q

T or F:
epithelial tissues are separate from one another

A

falsy
they fit closely and form sheets

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12
Q

T or F:
epithelial tissues fit closely together and form sheets

A

truey wuey

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13
Q

T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes

A

falsy
all of them except glandular tissues

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14
Q

T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in anchoring junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues

A

falsy
tight not anchoring

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15
Q

T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues

A

truey

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16
Q

the ___ surface is the free surface of epithelial tissues

A

apical

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17
Q

the lower surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane

A

truey wuey

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18
Q

T or F:
the apical surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane

A

falsy
the lower surface

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19
Q

T or F:
epithelial tissues regenerate easily

A

truey (IF WELL NOURISHED)

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20
Q

what is the function of squamous epithelium?

A

diffusion and filtration
secretion in serous membranes

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21
Q

T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration

A

falsy
that’s squamous epithelium function

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22
Q

T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration

A
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23
Q

T or F:
squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration

A

truey
as well as secretion in serous membranes

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24
Q

which type of epithelium is rare in humans:

A) simple squamous epithelium

B) stratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium

C) stratified transitional epithelium

D) stratified squamous epithelium

A

B

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25
Q

T or F:
stratified squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration

A

falsy
stratified play a role in protection

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26
Q

T or F:
simple squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration

A

truey

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27
Q

which type of epithelium doesn’t exist: (stratified transitional - simple transitional)

A

simple transitional

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28
Q

name the function of stratified transitional epithelium

A

protection: stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structuresa

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29
Q

simple squamous epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where ___ and ___ occur

A

membranes, filtration, diffusion

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30
Q

______ epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where diffusion and ___ occur

A

simple squamous, filtration

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31
Q

which type of epithelium form the air sacs (Alveoli) of the lungs?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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32
Q

name two locations of simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

alveoli in lungs; gas exchange
capillary walls; allow nutrients and gases to pass between blood and interstitial fluid

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33
Q

T or F:
simple squamous epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules

A

falsy walsy
it’s simple cuboidal

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34
Q

T or F:
simple columnar epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules

A

falsy walsy
it’s simple cuboidal

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35
Q

T or F:
simple cuboidal epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules

A

truey

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36
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules?

A

secretion and absorption

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37
Q

which type of epithelium is found in ducts and glands and what is its function?

A

simple cuboidal, secretion

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38
Q

which type of epithelium is found in ovaries and what is its function?

A

simple cuboidal, secretion

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39
Q

which type of epithelium is found in bronchioles and what is its function?

A

simple cuboidal: ciliated SCE cells move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells

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40
Q

what is the role of simple cuboidal epithelium cells in bronchioles?

A

they move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells

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41
Q

which type of epithelium lines the entire digestive tract and what is its function?

A

simple columnar, absorption and secretion

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42
Q

how do simple columnar epithelium cells produce mucus?

A

the goblet cells in SCE produce lubricating mucus

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43
Q

which epithelium has goblet cells that produce lubricating mucus?

A

simple columnar

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44
Q

T or F:
all pseudostratified columnar epitheliums rest on a basement

A

falsy
not all of them
شويّة بس

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45
Q

what makes pseudostratified columnar epi appear as falsy stratified?

A

some cells are shorter than the others
nuclei are positioned at different heights above the basement membrane

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46
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epi?

A

secretion and absorption

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47
Q

most of the respiratory tract is lined with ____ epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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48
Q

name the epithelium lining each of these groups:

bronchioles
alveoli
nose, trachea, bronchi

A

simple cuboidal (ciliated)
simple squamous
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)

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49
Q

name the two epi’s that have goblet cells

A

simple cuboidal and pseudostratified columnar

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50
Q

differentiate between the function of mucus produced in simple cuboidal vs pseudostratified columnar

A
  1. lubricating: lining the body cavities
  2. capturing dust
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51
Q

describe the structure of stratified squamous epithelium

A

squamous cells lining the free edge (roof)
columnar and cuboidal lining the base

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52
Q

in stratified squamous epithelium: ___ line the free edge whereas __ line the base

A

squamous cells, columnar and cuboidal cells

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53
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

areas subjected to friction or abuse (mouth, skin esophagus)

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54
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epi?

A

protection

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55
Q

how is stratified cuboidal epi structured?

A

typically two layers of cuboidal shaped cells

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56
Q

how is stratified columnar epi structured?

A

surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped

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57
Q

T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped

A

truey

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58
Q

T or F:
in stratified cuboidal epi: surface cells are cuboidal shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped

A

falsy
replace every “cuboidal” with columnar

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59
Q

T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: inner cells are columnar shaped whereas the surface cells are different shaped

A

falsy
swap inner and surface

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60
Q

T or F:
stratified columnar epi is usually made of two layers of columnar cells

A

falsy
this applies to stratified cuboidal: two cuboidal cells

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61
Q

which epi’s are rare and are only found in large ducts and glands?

A

stratified cuboidal and columnar

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62
Q

stratified cuboidal and columnar are rare, where are they mostly found?

A

large ducts and glands

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63
Q

___ epi forms the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters and some of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium

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64
Q

what are the basal cells of transitional epi made of?

A

cuboidal or columnar

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65
Q

in transitional epi: basal cells are __ or __ whereas surface cells are ___

A

cuboidal or columnar, different types of cells

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66
Q

during ___, transitional epi thins like a rubber band and surface cells become squamous

A

stretching (distension)

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67
Q

in the absence of stretching, transitional epi is ___ layered and superficial cells are __ shaped

A

many, dome

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68
Q

describe the transitional epi during stretching

A

many layered, surface cells are dome shaped

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69
Q

describe the transitional epi during distension

A

flattened cells, surface cells become squamous

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70
Q

explain how the structure of cells in transitional epi aids in the storing and flowing of urine

A

the cells slide past each other, they transition and allow ureter to stretch, causing urine to flow or more urine to be stored in the bladder

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71
Q

what do gland secretions contain?

A

protein molecules and aqueous fluids

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72
Q

define secretion

A

it is an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them

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73
Q

scientific term:
an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them

A

secretion

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74
Q

name the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

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75
Q

T or F:
endocrine glands are ductless

A

true

76
Q

T or F:
exocrine glands are ductless

A

falsy
they have ducts

77
Q

T or F:
endocrine glands have ducts

A

no they do not

78
Q

T or F:
secreted hormones exit endocrine glands through ductd

A

falsy
they diffuse directly into bl.v in glands

79
Q

T or F:
exocrine gland secretions exit by directly diffusing to the bl.v in the gland

A

falsy
this describes endocrine gland secretions (hormones)
exocrine gland secretions exit through ducts to the surface or a body cavity

80
Q

what is the most abundant tissue in the body?

A

connective tissue

81
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

protection
support
binding other tissues together

82
Q

T or F:
connective tissues have a good blood supply everywhere

A

falsy
except for tendons and ligaments

83
Q

why do tendon, ligament and cartilage injuries heal slowly?

A

because the connective tissues in tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply, cartilages are avascular

84
Q

why would some rather break a bone than tear a ligament?

A

because ligaments have poor blood supply so they heal slowly
على خلاف العظام

85
Q

generally, what are connective tissues made of?

A

different types of living cells
nonliving extracellular matrix

86
Q

name the major connective tissue classes

A

bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood

87
Q

what differentiates one connective tissue from another?

A

cell types.
fiber types
number of fibers

88
Q

compare bone tissues and adipose tissues in terms of cell types and matrix

A
  1. few cells, large hard matrix
  2. mainly made of cells, soft matrix
89
Q

scientific term:
fibers that possess high tensile strength

A

collagen fibers

90
Q

scientific term:
yellow fibers that can stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

91
Q

scientific term:
fine collagen fibers that make organs like the spleen

A

reticular fibers

92
Q

how are fibers in connective tissue made?

A

connective tissue cells produce monomers (fiber building blocks) then excrete them to extracellular space where they form fibers

93
Q

how do connective tissue fibers help organs?

A

they form a packing tissue, lining the organ and making it withstand stretch and abrasion and able to carry weight

94
Q

generally, what is the ECM in connective tissue made of?

A

water
cell adhesive proteins
polysaccharide molecules

95
Q

what is the function of cell adhesive proteins in ECM of connective tissues?

A

they attach cells to the fibers

96
Q

what are polysaccharide molecules and what is their function in ECM of connective tissue?

A

large and charged particles
they trap the water in the ground substance of ECM, thus controlling consistency of the connective tissue

97
Q

bones are made of cells called ___ sitting in cavities calles __

A

osteocytes, lucunae

98
Q

what is lucunae in bones surrounded by?

A

layers of very hard matrix, containing calcium salts and a lot of collagen fibers

99
Q

what is lucunae?

A

they’re cavities in which osteocytes in bones sit

100
Q

how is cartilage constructed? (cells - matrix)

A

chondrocytes in lucunae

101
Q

name the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

102
Q

what is the most abundant type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

103
Q

describe hyaline cartilages in terms of fibers and matrix

A

many collagen fibers, in a rubbery matrix, which is glassy and blue-white appearance

104
Q

which type of cartilage forms the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage

105
Q

which type of cartilage cover bone ends and joints?

A

hyaline cartilage

106
Q

the skeleton of a fetus is made largely of _______

A

hyaline cartilages

107
Q

all hyaline cartilages in a baby eventually are replaced by bones except what?

A

epiphyseal (growth) plate in long bones, which allow the bone to grow in length

108
Q

scientific term:
highly compressible cartilage forming the cushioning disks between vertebrae in spinal column

A

fibrocartilages

109
Q

which type of cartilages make up the cushioning disks between vertebrae?

A

fibrocartilages

110
Q

where can we find elastic cartilages?

A

ears

111
Q

dense connective tissue is composed primarily of ____ fibers

A

collagen

112
Q

collagen fibers in dense connective tissue are surrounded by ___

A

fibroblasys

113
Q

which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

A

dense connective tissues

114
Q

where can we find dense connective tissues?

A

in tendons and ligaments
in the lower skin layer (dermis)

115
Q

T or F:
loose connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue

A

truey

116
Q

T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue

A

falsy
less cells and less fibers

117
Q

T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than dense connective tissue

A

falsy
more cells
less fibers

118
Q

T or F:
dense connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than loose connective tissue

A

falsy
swap dense with loose

119
Q

T or F:
dense connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than loose connective tissue

A

truey

120
Q

name the three types of connective tissues

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

121
Q

what is the most widely distributed type of loose connective tissue in the body?

A

areolar connective tissue

122
Q

which type of connective tissue acts as a packing tissue which protects and cushions organs

A

areolar loose connective tissue

123
Q

which type of loose connective tissue acts as a tissue glue? and how?

A

areolar loose connective tissue. Holds internal organs in their proper positions

124
Q

name the four main functions of loose areolar CT?

A

packing tissue
tissue glue
reservoir for water and salts
absorbs excess fluid during inflammation

125
Q

how does areolar loose CT act as a packing tissue?

A

it cushions and protects organs

126
Q

how does areolar loose CT act as a tissue glue?

A

holding internal organs in their proper positions

127
Q

how does areolar loose CT act as a reservoir?

A

stores water and salts + provides nutrients + gets rid of excess waste from surrounding tissues

128
Q

what is the role of areolar loose CT during inflammation?

A

it absorbs excess fluid like a sponge, forming edema

129
Q

what two layers does the lamina propria seperate?

A

innermost layer of epithelial cells
smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)

130
Q

from top to bottom, which is the correct order of these layers:

A) muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells, lamina propria

B) lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells

C) muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelial cells

D) epithelial cell, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

A

C

131
Q

T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a loose connective tissue with many fat cells

A

truey

132
Q

T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a dense connective tissue with many fat cells

A

falsy
it’s loose

133
Q

T or F:
adipose/fat cells are mostly oil and they push the nucleus to one side

A

truey

134
Q

name three functions of adipose tissue

A
  1. forms the subcutaneous layer: insulating the body and protection from heat
  2. cushions organs (i.e. kidney, eyeballs)
  3. store fat in hips, breasts and belly to be used as fuel
135
Q

which type of connective tissue form the stroma (internal framework) of organs, i.e. spleen?

A

reticular CT

136
Q

what does the stroma contain?

A

free blood cells (mostly leukocytes called lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow

137
Q

how does the stroma serve bone marrow?

A

the stroma (made of reticular connective tissue) supports free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) in bone marrow

138
Q

what is the stroma, and where is it found?

A

stroma is an internal framework of an organ made of reticular connective tissue
can be found in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow

139
Q

why is the blood considered a connective tissue?

A

because it’s made of living cells (blood cells) and a surrounding matrix (blood plasma)

140
Q

what are the fibers in the blood?

A

soluble proteins

141
Q

the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re only visible during ____

A

blood clottingT

142
Q

T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re always visible

A

falsy
only visible during blood clotting

143
Q

T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they’re only visible during blood clotting

A

truey

144
Q

which muscles can be controlled voluntarily?

A

skeletal muscles

145
Q

what is the purpose behind skeletal muscle cells being elongated?

A

to provide a long axis of contraction

146
Q

describe muscle cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance

A

elongated (to provide long contraction axis)
cylindrical
multinucleated
striations (stripes)

147
Q

describe cardiac cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance

A

short
branching
single nucleus
striations

148
Q

what is the name of the junction that connect cardiac moskles?

A

intercalated discs

149
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

they are junctions at which cardiac moskles fit tightly together

150
Q

what do intercalated discs contain?

A

they contain gap junctions (connexons) that allow ions to freely pass between cells

151
Q

what is the purpose of gap junctions/connexons in cardiac cells?

A

they allow ions to pass freely between cells, so cells form a functional syncytium which lets rapid electrical signals to be transmitted across the heart for contraction

152
Q

smooth moskel cells (do - do not) have striations

A

do not

153
Q

describe smooth moskel cells in terms of striations, nuclei and location

A

no striations (stripes)
one nucleus
hallow organs

154
Q

which type of moskel tissue is found in blood vessels?

A

smooth moskel tissue

155
Q

why do we need moskel contraction of smooth moskels in hallow organs?

A

contractions allow substances to mix or flow through it (stomach, blood vessel)

156
Q

which type of moskel moves the slowest?

A

smooth moskel

157
Q

scientific term:
a wave-like motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine

A

peristalsis

158
Q

name the two cells of nervous tissue

A

neurons, neuraglia

159
Q

what are the two major characteristics of neurons?

A

irritability and conductivity

160
Q

what is the role of cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites, axons)

A

allow electric impulses to reach distant parts of the body

161
Q

what are neuraglia?

A

supporting cells of the nervous system
insulate and support and protect neurons in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

162
Q

injuries trigger the body’s tissue repair in two ways, what are they?

A

regeneration and fibrosis

163
Q

describe what happens in regenration

A

the destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells, epithelia and CT regenerate well

164
Q

describe what happens in fibrosis

A

scar tissue is formed from dense connective tissue

165
Q

T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by fibrosis

A

truey

166
Q

T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by regeneration

A

falsy
fibrosis

167
Q

differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis

A

regeneration: destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells
fibrosis: scar tissue is formed by dense CT

168
Q

which phase of life does the growth of cells by cell division continues?

A

puberty

169
Q

give two examples of mitotic cells

A

epithelium cells (can replace lost cells throughout life)
CT (forms repair <scar> tissue)</scar>

170
Q

give two examples of amitotic cells

A

moskel cells
nervous cells

171
Q

T or F:
moskel cells are amitotic since birth

A

falsy
they become amitotic at the end of puberty

172
Q

T or F:
nervous cells are mitotic

A

falsy
they become amitotic shortly after birth

173
Q

what does abnormal cell division result in?

A

benign and cancerous neoplasms

174
Q

define hyperplasia

A

a process of an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size

175
Q

scientific term:
a process of an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size

A

hyperplasia

176
Q

T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell size

A

falsy
cell number

177
Q

T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell number

A

truey

178
Q

what causes/triggers hyperplasia?

A

specific stimuli such as hormones, injury or a specific need for increased cell productionq

179
Q

what is the result of hyperplasia?

A

an enlarged or hypertrophied tissue or organ due to the proliferation of cells

180
Q

give an example of hyperplasia

A

the enlargment of breast tissue when preggo (due to hormonal changes)
benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes

181
Q

what triggere benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

aging and hormonal changes

182
Q

scientific term:
a condition where the prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

183
Q

scientific term:
a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells

A

atrophy

184
Q

define atrophy

A

a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells

185
Q

name five causes for atrophy

A

inactivity
low blood supply
malnutrition
aging
medical conditions

186
Q

what does atrophy result in?

A

decrease in mass and function of the affected tissue or organ

187
Q

give an example of atrophy

A

moskel atrophy in bedridden indivisuals

Anatomy (6 decks)

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