chapter 3 info neuropsych Flashcards
ipsilateral
structures on the same side
contralateral
structures on the opposite side
bilateral
structures in both hemispheres
proximal
structures close together
distal
structures far apart
efferent*****
movement away from the brain
afferent****
movement toward the brain
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system (SNS)
spinal and cranial nerves
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
balances internal organ through parasympathetic (regulating bodys unconscious actions-feed and breed), and sympathetic (homeostasis-fight or flight) nerves
protection of CNS
brain enclosed in skull, spinal cord in bony vertebrae, 3 layers of membrane (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater), cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid that continuously circulates
PNS protection
outside bony encasements and meninges protection, more vulnerable to injury
2 carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain that connect to the base of brain and branch into
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
gray matter
color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
white matter
color form axons covered in an insulating layer of glial cells
reticular matter
color and appearance from cell bodies and axons
layers or nuclei
well defined group of cell bodies
tract
large collection of axons projecting to or away from layer/nucleus within CNS
nerves
fibers and fiber pathways that enter CNS
ventricles
hollow pockets within brain filled with CSF, lateral ventricals (1, 2)
spinal cord
afferent sensory receptors, sends efferent fibers to control muscles
30 segments in 5 regions
cervical 8 thoracic 12 lumbar 5 sacral 5 coccygeal segment
dorsal root (sensory)
strand of afferent fibers entering the spinal cord, carries sensory info to the brain
ventral root (motor)
strand of efferent fibers leaving the spinal cord, carries motor info to the body
bell-magendie law
principle that dorsal part of SC in sensory and ventral part is motor
flexion
extension
flex-stimulation of pain receptors, bring in
extension-stimulation of fine touch, bring out
sympathetic nervous system
arouses body for fight or flight, thoracic and lumbar regions
parasympathetic nervous system
calms body, rest and digest, connects with parasympathetic ganglia near large organs
3 regions of brainstem
hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
hindbrain
cerebellum (coordinates and helps learn skilled movements), reticular formation (maintains general arousal, responsiveness), pons and medulla (serve many functions-waking, sleeping, locomotion)
midbrain
tectum (dorsal location, roof, sensory input from eyes and ears), tegmentum (ventral location, floor, superior colliculi (eyes) inferior colliculi (ears), orientation of movement to sensory input), red nucleus (limb movement), substantia nigra (reward), periacqueductal grey (species typical behaviors, pain response)
diencephalon
hypothalamus (motivated behavior), epithalamus (biorhythms), thalamus (relay station)
forebrain
basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
collection of nuclei that includes putamen, globus pallidus(parkinsons) and caudate nucleus (huntingtons), supports stimulus response learning, sequencing movements
basal ganglia disease
huntingons chorea-genetic disorder, cell death in BG, dance like movements
parkinsons disease-substantia nigra to basal ganglia projection dies, tremors in hands and legs, rigid movement and difficulty maintaining balance
tourettes syndrome-involuntary motor tics, complex movements
limbic system
amygdala (emotion and species typical behavior), hippocampus (memory and spatial navigation), septum (emotion and species typical behavior), cingulate cortex
neocortex
expanded most during evolution, 80% of brain, 6 layers
fissure
cleft in cortex deep enough to indent ventricles
sulci
shallow cleft in cortex
gyri
ridge
projection map
inputs and outputs in cortex, primary areas (lobes), secondary areas, tertiary areas, Brodmann’s Map organized based on distribution of cells
