chapter 3 info neuropsych

Question 1

ipsilateral

Answer 1

structures on the same side

Question 2

contralateral

Answer 2

structures on the opposite side

Question 3

bilateral

Answer 3

structures in both hemispheres

Question 4

proximal

Answer 4

structures close together

Question 5

distal

Answer 5

structures far apart

Question 6

efferent*****

Answer 6

movement away from the brain

Question 7

afferent****

Answer 7

movement toward the brain

Question 8

CNS

Answer 8

brain and spinal cord

Question 9

PNS

Answer 9

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 10

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 10

spinal and cranial nerves

Question 11

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 11

balances internal organ through parasympathetic (regulating bodys unconscious actions-feed and breed), and sympathetic (homeostasis-fight or flight) nerves

Question 12

protection of CNS

Answer 12

brain enclosed in skull, spinal cord in bony vertebrae, 3 layers of membrane (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater), cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid that continuously circulates

Question 13

PNS protection

Answer 13

outside bony encasements and meninges protection, more vulnerable to injury

Question 14

2 carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain that connect to the base of brain and branch into

Answer 14

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery

Question 15

gray matter

Answer 15

color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies

Question 16

white matter

Answer 16

color form axons covered in an insulating layer of glial cells

Question 17

reticular matter

Answer 17

color and appearance from cell bodies and axons

Question 18

layers or nuclei

Answer 18

well defined group of cell bodies

Question 19

tract

Answer 19

large collection of axons projecting to or away from layer/nucleus within CNS

Question 20

nerves

Answer 20

fibers and fiber pathways that enter CNS

Question 21

ventricles

Answer 21

hollow pockets within brain filled with CSF, lateral ventricals (1, 2)

Question 22

spinal cord

Answer 22

afferent sensory receptors, sends efferent fibers to control muscles

Question 23

30 segments in 5 regions

Answer 23

cervical 8
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5
coccygeal segment

Question 24

dorsal root (sensory)

Answer 24

strand of afferent fibers entering the spinal cord, carries sensory info to the brain

Question 25

ventral root (motor)

Answer 25

strand of efferent fibers leaving the spinal cord, carries motor info to the body

Question 26

bell-magendie law

Answer 26

principle that dorsal part of SC in sensory and ventral part is motor

Question 27

flexion | extension

Answer 27

flex-stimulation of pain receptors, bring in | extension-stimulation of fine touch, bring out

Question 28

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

arouses body for fight or flight, thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 29

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

calms body, rest and digest, connects with parasympathetic ganglia near large organs

Question 30

3 regions of brainstem

Answer 30

hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon

Question 31

hindbrain

Answer 31

cerebellum (coordinates and helps learn skilled movements), reticular formation (maintains general arousal, responsiveness), pons and medulla (serve many functions-waking, sleeping, locomotion)

Question 32

midbrain

Answer 32

tectum (dorsal location, roof, sensory input from eyes and ears), tegmentum (ventral location, floor, superior colliculi (eyes) inferior colliculi (ears), orientation of movement to sensory input), red nucleus (limb movement), substantia nigra (reward), periacqueductal grey (species typical behaviors, pain response)

Question 33

diencephalon

Answer 33

hypothalamus (motivated behavior), epithalamus (biorhythms), thalamus (relay station)

Question 34

forebrain

Answer 34

basal ganglia limbic system cerebral cortex

Question 35

basal ganglia

Answer 35

collection of nuclei that includes putamen, globus pallidus(parkinsons) and caudate nucleus (huntingtons), supports stimulus response learning, sequencing movements

Question 36

basal ganglia disease

Answer 36

huntingons chorea-genetic disorder, cell death in BG, dance like movements parkinsons disease-substantia nigra to basal ganglia projection dies, tremors in hands and legs, rigid movement and difficulty maintaining balance tourettes syndrome-involuntary motor tics, complex movements

Question 37

limbic system

Answer 37

amygdala (emotion and species typical behavior), hippocampus (memory and spatial navigation), septum (emotion and species typical behavior), cingulate cortex

Question 38

neocortex

Answer 38

expanded most during evolution, 80% of brain, 6 layers

Question 39

fissure

Answer 39

cleft in cortex deep enough to indent ventricles

Question 40

sulci

Answer 40

shallow cleft in cortex

Question 41

gyri

Answer 41

ridge

Question 42

projection map

Answer 42

inputs and outputs in cortex, primary areas (lobes), secondary areas, tertiary areas, Brodmann's Map organized based on distribution of cells