ch 16 frontal lobe

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

tissue anterior to central sulcus-motor, premotor, prefrontal

Question 2

subdivisions

Answer 2

premotor and supplementary motor cortex, frontal and supplementary eye field

Question 3

prefrontal cortex

Answer 3

area of the frontal lobe that receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
divisions: dorsolateral inferior, medial

Question 4

motor area connections

Answer 4

projects to spinal motor neurons, cranial nerves that control the face, basal ganglia and red neuclues

Question 5

premotor area connections

Answer 5

direct movement through coticospinal projections or motor projections, gets input from posterior parietal regions and dorsolateral prefrontal area

Question 6

eye fields

Answer 6

receive from PG and superior colliculus

Question 7

all premotor areas get projections from

Answer 7

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex–controls eye and limb movement

Question 8

prefrontal area connections

Answer 8

end points of ventral (object recognition) and dorsal (spatial info) visual streams
dorsolateral prefrontal area-reciprocal connections with post pari and STS, extensive connections with cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, superior colliculus, input from dopamingeric cells in tegmentum

Question 9

orbital frontal cortex connections

Answer 9

input from temporal lobe, amygdala, gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory cortex, dopamingeric cells in tegmentum, projects to hypothalamus and amygdala

Question 10

theory of function for frontal lobe

Answer 10

planning and selecting, persistence and ignoring other stimuli, keeping track of whats been done–all executive functions, responds to internal external and context clues

Question 11

theory of function for preomotor cortex

Answer 11

• selects movements to be executed, choose behavior in response to external cues, increase in premotor activity when cues are associated with movement
• supplementary motor role in selecting and directing internal motor sequences

Question 12

prefrontal cortex functions

Answer 12

• controls cognitive processes so that appropriate movements are selected at correct time
• internal cues-temporal memory (what has just happened, can be related to things or movements), prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral
• external cues-feedback about rewarding properties of stimuli, orbital frontal cortex learning by association, with memory damage use external cues to know how to act
• context clues-orbital frontal, social interactions, detailed sensory info to inferior from temp lobe/affective cortex(amyg)
• autonoetic awareness-self knowledge, continuous

Question 13

motor___movements
premotor___movements
prefrontal____movements___

Answer 13

makes
picks
makes sure, done at right time and place

Question 14

left asymmetry

Answer 14

language, encoding memories

Question 15

right asymmetry

Answer 15

nonverbal movements, facial expressions, retrieving memories

Question 16

differences in frontal lobe function

Answer 16

performs variety of functions, damage is unlikely to produce impairment to all functions-diff funct in diff sites

Question 17

disturbances of motor function

Answer 17

• loss of fine movements, speed, and strength-after primary motor damage, loss of corticospinal projections to motor neurons, lose speed and strength contralaterally
• loss of movement programming-damage to premotor or dorsolateral cortex, serially ordering behavior, supplementary motor cortex-improves rapidly expect in fingers, copying movements
• changes in voluntary gaze-damage to frontal eye fields, hard to focus on specific things
• corollary discharge or reafference-internal neural signal that movement will occur, damage disrupts discharge, voluntary movements require command and signal
• speech-brocas(agrammatism-inability to use verbs, words based on cues), supplementary motor cortex(mute, returns if have unilateral lesion)

Question 18

convergent thinking

Answer 18

there is only 1 answer to the question

Question 19

divergent thinking

Answer 19

there are multiple answers to the questions, frontal lobe damage-cant do it

Question 20

behavioral spontaneity

Answer 20

spontaneous speech (can’t come up with many random words), decreased verbal fluency design fluency general behaviors, L orbitofrontal region, some have difficulty with doodles

Question 21

symptoms of frontal lobe lesions

Answer 21

increased perseveration, inability to make strategy(worse when doing new thing)-, 
loss of response inhibition(wisconsin card sorting task, stroop test)-cant change responses, flexibility in behavior broken
risk taking(iowa gambling task)-appears after damage to orbitofrontal cortex, cant follow instructions
self regulation decifits-loss of autonoetic awareness
loss of associative learning-inability to select from competing responses/learn from experience 
impaired social and sexual behaviors-phineas gage

Question 22

poor temporal memory

Answer 22

animal experiments show that frontal lobe plays role in temporal memory
area 46-provide internal representation of spatial info, delayed response test
medial regions-object recognition
dorsolateral cortex plays role in monitoring self generated responses
in humans-recency memory(order in which things have occured), prefrontal cortex

Question 23

changes in sexual and social behavior

Answer 23

pseudodepression/psychopathy, orbitofrontal lesions-abnormal sex behavior loss of cells that code facial expressions, dorsolateral reduce interest in sex,

Question 24

pseudodepression

Answer 24

change from involved and outgoing to quiet and remote after frontal lobe damage, L frontal lobe, loss of initiative, interest in sex, quiet

Question 25

pseudopsychopathy

Answer 25

quiet polite strict to outspoken brash disrespectful, lesion to R frontal lobe, immature, no social graces, promiscuity

Question 26

spatial deficit in frontal lobe?

Answer 26

to understand dorsolateral function must look at relation to posterior parietal, which has role in guiding visuomotor movements in space

Question 27

frontal facial area damage symptoms

Answer 27

sensory and motor functions of face preserved after damage, pre and postcentral gyrus contralateral to lesion, in L-loss of verbal fluency, in R-loss of design fluency

Question 28

schizophrenia

Answer 28

abnormality in mesocortical dopaminergic projection, decrease in blood flow to frontal lobes and atrophy

Question 29

parkinson’s disease

Answer 29

loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra that project to prefrontal cortex, lack facial expressions, spatial memory, delayed response

Question 30

korsakoff’s

Answer 30

alcohol induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and deficiency in frontal lobe catecholamines, metabolic disorder of CNS

Question 31

drug addiction

Answer 31

impulsive behaviors, change in structurs of neurosn in orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal regions