Chapter 3 How Psycholohist Use The Scientific Method

Question 1

internal validity

Answer 1

the degree to which a study provides casual information about behavior

Question 2

reliability

Answer 2

the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions

Question 3

operation definition

Answer 3

the definition of abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study

Question 4

naturalistic observation

Answer 4

a data collection technique involving noninvasive observation of individuals in the natural environments.

Question 5

interrater reliability

Answer 5

a measure of the degree to which different observes rate the behaviors in similar ways

Question 6

open-ended response scale

Answer 6

participants respond to survey questions in any manner they feel is appropriate to the question

Question 7

qualitative data

Answer 7

nonnumerical participants response

Question 8

quantitative

Answer 8

numerical data

Question 9

systematic observation

Answer 9

data collection technique where control is exerted over the conditions under which the behavior is observe

Question 10

archival data

Answer 10

a data collection technique that involves analysis of preexisting data

Question 11

content analysis

Answer 11

an archival data collection technique that involves analysis of the content of an individual spoken or written record

Question 12

variable

Answer 12

an attribute that can vary across individuals

Question 13

dependent/response variable

Answer 13

a variable that is measure or observed from an individual

Question 14

case study

Answer 14

a research design that involves intensive study of particular individuals and their behavior

Question 15

small n design

Answer 15

an experimental conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals

Question 16

correlation study

Answer 16

a type of research design that examines the relationship between multiple dependent variables without manipulating any of the variable

Question 17

external validity

Answer 17

The degree to which the results of a a study apply to individuals and realistic behavior outside the study

Question 18

Predictor variable

Answer 18

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable

Question 19

Outcome variable

Answer 19

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable

Question 20

Positive relationship

Answer 20

A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in the other

Question 21

Predictor variable

Answer 21

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predictThe score on another variable

Question 22

Outcome variable

Answer 22

The dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable

Question 23

Positive relationship

Answer 23

A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in another variable

Question 24

Negative relationship

Answer 24

A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in another variable

Question 25

Scatterplot

Answer 25

A graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals

Question 26

Third variable problem

Answer 26

The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study

Question 27

Experiment

Answer 27

A type of research design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results

Question 28

Independent variable

Answer 28

If variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in The experiment

Question 29

Levels of independent variable

Answer 29

Different situations or conditions that participants experience in an experiment because of the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 30

Experimental group

Answer 30

The group of participants in an experiment that explains the treatment level of the independent variable

Question 31

Control group

Answer 31

The group of participants in an experiment that do not experience the treatment level of the independent variable

Question 32

Confounding variable

Answer 32

And extraneous factors present in the study that may affect the results

Question 33

Random assignment

Answer 33

Participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable

Question 34

Quasi experiment

Answer 34

A type of research design where A comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs

Question 35

Pretest – posttest design

Answer 35

A type of research design ( often a quasi experiment) where behaviors is measured both before and after each treatment or condition is implemented