Chapter 3 How Psycholohist Use The Scientific Method Flashcards
internal validity
the degree to which a study provides casual information about behavior
reliability
the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions
operation definition
the definition of abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study
naturalistic observation
a data collection technique involving noninvasive observation of individuals in the natural environments.
interrater reliability
a measure of the degree to which different observes rate the behaviors in similar ways
open-ended response scale
participants respond to survey questions in any manner they feel is appropriate to the question
qualitative data
nonnumerical participants response
quantitative
numerical data
systematic observation
data collection technique where control is exerted over the conditions under which the behavior is observe
archival data
a data collection technique that involves analysis of preexisting data
content analysis
an archival data collection technique that involves analysis of the content of an individual spoken or written record
variable
an attribute that can vary across individuals
dependent/response variable
a variable that is measure or observed from an individual
case study
a research design that involves intensive study of particular individuals and their behavior
small n design
an experimental conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals
correlation study
a type of research design that examines the relationship between multiple dependent variables without manipulating any of the variable
external validity
The degree to which the results of a a study apply to individuals and realistic behavior outside the study
Predictor variable
The dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable
Outcome variable
The dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable
Positive relationship
A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in the other
Predictor variable
The dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predictThe score on another variable
Outcome variable
The dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable
Positive relationship
A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in another variable
Negative relationship
A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in another variable
Scatterplot
A graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals
Third variable problem
The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study
Experiment
A type of research design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results
Independent variable
If variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in The experiment
Levels of independent variable
Different situations or conditions that participants experience in an experiment because of the manipulation of the independent variable
Experimental group
The group of participants in an experiment that explains the treatment level of the independent variable
Control group
The group of participants in an experiment that do not experience the treatment level of the independent variable
Confounding variable
And extraneous factors present in the study that may affect the results
Random assignment
Participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable
Quasi experiment
A type of research design where A comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs
Pretest – posttest design
A type of research design ( often a quasi experiment) where behaviors is measured both before and after each treatment or condition is implemented
