Chapter 3: Elicited Behaviours & classical conditioning

Question 1

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 1

stimulus that naturally elicits a response (ex. painful shock)

Question 2

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 2

response naturally elicited by the US (ex. pain or fear)

Question 3

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 3

any stimulus which although initially neutral (NS) comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with the US.

Question 4

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 4

Response often similar to the UR that is elicited by the CS

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

he decrease in the strength of an elicited behaviour following repeated presentation of the stimulus. (ex. not feeling startled after repeated exposure to loud noise)

Question 6

Sensitization

Answer 6

An increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the stimulus that naturally elicits that response.

Question 7

Dishabituation

Answer 7

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus. (ex. you could quickly habituate to gunshots at a shooting range but become suddenly startled by them if a stranger walks in)

Question 8

A low-intensity stimulus, like the ticking of a clock, typically results in _____, while a high-intensity stimulus, like exploding artillery shells, typically results in ______.

Answer 8

Habituation, sensitization

Question 9

Appetitive conditioning usually occurs ______ than aversive conditioning

Answer 9

slower

Question 10

Opponent-process theory

Answer 10

A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an a-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the event, and (2) a b-process (or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.
(ex. euphoria after being struck by lightning, realizing ur alive)

Question 11

Excitatory conditioning

Answer 11

A conditioning procedure in which a stimulus is associated with the presentation of a US and therefore comes to elicit a certain response (shown as CS-)

Question 12

Inhibitory conditioning

Answer 12

Conditioning procedure in which a stimulus is associated with the absence or removal of a US, and therefore (as a CS) inhibits a certain response. (shown as CS+)

Question 13

Temporal conditioning

Answer 13

A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time.

Question 14

Four Temporal NS-US arrangements

Answer 14

1. Delayed conditioning
2. Trace conditioning
3. Simultaneous conditioning
4. Backward conditioning

Question 15

Delayed conditioning

Answer 15

the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap
- often the most effective or trace conditioning

Question 16

Trace conditioning

Answer 16

the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US, with no overlap.
- longer the trace interval, less chance of conditioning

Question 17

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 17

the onset of the NS and the onset of the US occur simultaneously

Question 18

Backward conditioning

Answer 18

the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US (US first and NS later)
- usually regarded as least effective

Question 19

Psuedoconditioning

Answer 19

A situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning.