Chapter 1 + Appendix

Question 1

Nativist perspective

Answer 1

Nature over nurture. Assumes that characteristics are inborn

Question 2

Empiricist perspective

Answer 2

Nurture over nature. Assumes that a person’s characteristics are largely learned

Question 3

what are the 4 laws of association?

Answer 3

1. law of similarity
2. law of contrast
3. law of contiguity
4. law of frequency

Question 4

Mind-body Dualism

Answer 4

Theory that some actions are involuntary (reflexive) and some are voluntary (freely chosen, controlled by the mind. (descartes)

Question 5

4 Assumptions of traditional Behaviourism

Answer 5

1. Emphasis on observable behaviour
2. Nurture over Nature
3. Continuity between species
4. Emphasis on experimentation

Question 6

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

type of learning where a stimulus comes to elicit a response because it was previously paired with another stimulus. (involuntary/reflexive behaviour)

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened or weakened as a result of it’s consequences (voluntary behaviour)

Question 8

What are 2 ways that classical and operant conditioning differ?

Answer 8

Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, while operant conditioning demonstrates that a behaviour leads to a consequence
Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary, reflexive behaviour and operant conditioning focuses on voluntary, goal directed behaviour
Classical conditioning: Behaviour is controlled by what comes before it
Operant conditioning: Behaviour is controlled by what comes after it

Question 9

What type of behaviourism did Watson focus on?

Answer 9

Methodological Behaviourism

Question 10

What type of behaviourism did Skinner focus on?

Answer 10

Radical Behaviourism

Question 11

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 11

The assumption that environmental events, observable behaviour, and “person variables” (a person’s thoughts and feelings) reciprocally influence each other.

Question 12

What is social learning theory?

Answer 12

A brand of behaviourism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. Also known as cognitive social learning theory or social cognitive theory

Question 13

What is preference reversal?

Answer 13

The phenomenon in which an individual’s preferences change when the context or the way options are presented changes. EX: Ainslee-Rachlin model