Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What is the prinicpal guideline for training clinical psychologists? What does it entail?

Answer 1

the scientist-practitioner model (boulder model) which they are trained as both researchers and clinicians along with a required internship; they are competent in diagosing, psychotherapy, and research; “Marries” the science and clinical practice

Question 2

What are the major critiques of the scientist-practitioner model?

Answer 2

clinical psychologists split into two groups (research/practice-focused groups); there was not enough focus on clinical skills, too much research

Question 3

In what ways do Psy.D. and Ph.D. clinical psychology programs differ?

Answer 3

the Psy.D. has more emphasis on clinical work and less emphasis on research; masters thesis is not often required and very different dissertations; much harder to get into PhD programs

Question 4

What are the limitations of clinical doctorate programs in professional schools?

Answer 4

there is little or no research training, for profit school so very expensive, only part-time faculty, and many are not accredited

Question 5

What led to the development of the Clinical Science Model?

Answer 5

clinical psychologists were concerened that clincial psychology was not well grounded in science

Question 6

How will the increasing cost of health care (and managed health care) affect the practice of clinical psychology?

Answer 6

they are losing their clients because multiple social workers can be hired for the price of one clinical psychologist/ if there is no difference in treatment outcomes between doctoral level clinical psycholigsts and masters-level social workers then the cost-conscious managed care systems will hire social workers

Question 7

What advantages might clinical psychologists have in a managed care environment? (TEXTBOOK)

Answer 7

clinical psychologists are more prepared if they have strong research training because the mental health care field is always changing and they are more inept to keep up and adapt to the changes than other mental health care professionals

Question 8

What is the purpose of licensing?

Answer 8

know the typical requirements
demonstrates that clinicians are adequately trained to provide care because they complete the requirements of education (Doctoral degree from accredited school), experience (2 year post-doc), and examinations

Question 9

What are the pros and cons of clinical psychologists obtaining prescription priviledges?

Answer 9

PROS: provides a wider variety of treatments for a wider variety of clients, efficient/cost-effective, competitive advantage/ CONS: psychological treatments de-emphasized, damage relationship with psychiatry, drug company sponsored research

Question 10

What is telehealth and what are its advantages? (TEXTBOOK)

Answer 10

delivery and oversight of health services using telecommunication technologies (ex. using web sites, emails, phones, videoconferencing, etc. to assess, evalate, and treat psychological and behavioral problems/ the advantages are that there is increased accessibility to services, more efficiency in service delivery, reduce traditional clinicians stigmas, and have meetings faster

Question 11

What is competence and why is it important?

Answer 11

psychologists work within their boundaries of their competence to not put their clients in danger because they cannot suffieciently help them

Question 12

What happened in the Tarasoff case and what are the implications on psychotherapy?

Answer 12

Tarasoff was being stalked by Poddar. Potter began to start therapy sessions and disclosed to his therapists his intentions of killing her and his therapist sent a letter to the campus police who then questioned him and he denied it. He later killed Tarasoff and her parents argued that the therapist should have let this information be known because it put Tarasoff in danger

Question 13

What does it mean to have “dual relationships” and why are they ethically inappropritate?

Answer 13

a situation where multiple roles exist between a therapist, or other mental health practitioner, and a client/ they can cause unfair discrimination, sexual harassment, and willingness to terminate

Question 14

Last spring,Johan earned his Ph.D.in clinical psychology in an APA-accredited program.This spring he will complete one year of supervised postdoctoral work and go to the state capital to take the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).What kind of professional designation does Johan appear to be pursuing?

A) assistant professor
B) certification
C) licensure
D) ABPP certification

Answer 14

C) licensure

Question 15

After many jobs in clinical psychology shifted from academic to private practice settings in the 1960s,

A) complaints arose about the adequacy of the Boulder model for practitioners.
B) many college and university psychology departments shrank due to problems retaining their faculty.
C) the qualifications required to practice clinically became much more rigorous than before.
D) the qualifications required to enter graduate school in clinical psychology became less rigorous than before.

Answer 15

A) complaints arose about the adequacy of the Boulder model for practitioners.

Question 16

The Psy.D.model of training grew out of a conference held in

A) Vail in 1973.
B) New York in 1960.
C) Denver in 1988.
D) Boulder in 1949.

Answer 16

A) Vail in 1973.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding certification?

A) Certification is a stronger form of regulation than licensing.
B) Certification is automatic for graduates of Ph. D. programs in clinical psychology.
C) Non-certified individuals can provide psychological services to the public as long as they do not use the title “psychologist” or the word “psychological” to describe themselves or their services.
D) all of the above

Answer 17

C) Non-certified individuals can provide psychological services to the public as long as they do not use the title “psychologist” or the word “psychological” to describe themselves or their services.

Question 18

The clinical scientist training model of clinical psychology

A) is currently the dominant training model.
B) emphasizes empirically supported clinical techniques.
C) is synonymous with the scientist-practitioner model.
D) all of the above

Answer 18

B) emphasizes empirically supported clinical techniques.

Question 19

The acceptance rate for applicants to Psy.D.programs is about

A) 5%.
B) 20%.
C) 40%.
D) 70%.

Answer 19

C) 40%.

Question 20

Professional schools of clinical psychology

A) offer doctoral degrees.
B) tend to be “for-profit” institutions.
C) are not usually APA-accredited.
D) all of the above

Answer 20

D) all of the above

Question 21

Professional schools differ from traditional university-based scientist-practitioner programs in ALL BUT WHICH of the following ways?

A) They depend less on part-time faculty.
B) They tend to admit far more students per class.
C) They tend to emphasize clinical over research skills.
D) They rely on tuition as their primary source of funding

Answer 21

A) They depend less on part-time faculty.

Question 22

Among the following,the clinical psychologist most closely associated with the clinical scientist model of training is

A) DeLeon.
B) McFall.
C) Pope.
D) Heiby.

Answer 22

B) McFall.

Question 23

As described in the text,the combined professional-scientific training program integrates aspects of what three specialties?

A) clinical, counseling, and school psychology
B) clinical, health, and neuropsychology
C) counseling, school, and organizational psychology
D) clinical, forensic, and health psychology

Answer 23

A) clinical, counseling, and school psychology

Question 24

Terrence and Zachary are each pursuing higher degrees in clinical psychology: Terrence a Ph.D.and Zachary a Psy.D.Based on this information alone,which student will likely finish his degree sooner?

A) Terrence
B) Zachary
C) Both will take about the same amount of time.
D) There’s no way to answer this question based only on the information provided.

Answer 24

B) Zachary

Question 25

Currently,the most popular training model for clinical psychologists is the

A) clinical scientist model.
B) scientist-practitioner model.
C) Vail model.
D) none of the above

Answer 25

B) scientist-practitioner model.

Question 26

Professor Ferraro is talking with his students about developments in the clinical psychology profession.Which of his statements below is LEAST well-grounded?

A) “Over time, training programs are likely to focus more on brief, empirically supported treatments.”
B) “If there aren’t already more practice-oriented clinical psychologists out there than the market can support, there will be soon!”
C) “At present, everyone who seeks an accredited clinical internship can still get one.”
D) “Research-oriented clinical psychologists will continue to play an important role in the future of the profession.”

Answer 26

C) “At present, everyone who seeks an accredited clinical internship can still get one.”

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding licensure as a psychologist?

A) Licensure laws are uniform across all 50 states.
B) Licensure usually requires a master’s degree.
C) Licensure usually requires passing a written exam.
D) Licensure is automatic for graduates of Ph.D. programs in clinical psychology.

Answer 27

C) Licensure usually requires passing a written exam.

Question 28

Which of the following is true?

A) Research suggests that clinical psychologists with Psy.D. degrees will have more trouble finding employment than those with Ph.D. degrees.
B) Compared to Psy.D. programs, Ph.D. programs admit a higher percentage of applicants.
C) Compared to Psy.D. programs, Ph.D. programs award more doctoral degrees.
D) none of the above

Answer 28

D) none of the above

Question 29

According to proponents of the scientist-practitioner training model,clinical psychologists should

A) spend 50% of their time conducting research and 50% of their time conducting clinical work.
B) spend 25% of their time conducting research and 75% of their time conducting clinical work.
C) spend at least 10% of their time conducting research.
D) be able to understand and evaluate research even if they do not conduct it at all.

Answer 29

D) be able to understand and evaluate research even if they do not conduct it at all.

Question 30

The model of psychological training that emerged from the 1949 conference in Boulder,Colorado represents an attempt to

A) clearly emphasize clinical skill over research competency.
B) clearly emphasize research competency over clinical skill.
C) make graduate coursework less didactic and more “hands-on.”
D) none of the above

Answer 30

D) none of the above

Question 31

Over time,the proportion of doctorates in clinical psychology awarded by professional schools has

A) increased dramatically.
B) increased slightly.
C) remained constant.
D) decreased dramatically.

Answer 31

A) increased dramatically.

Question 32

What is ABPP?

A) an organization that offers certification of professional competence in a particular area, such as clinical neuropsychology or forensic psychology
B) a training model that emphasizes empirically supported clinical techniques
C) a national organization of graduate students in clinical psychology
D) a national organization that promotes research and practice in behavioral psychotherapy

Answer 32

A) an organization that offers certification of professional competence in a particular area, such as clinical neuropsychology or forensic psychology

Question 33

Elena and Jacquelyn are each pursuing higher degrees in clinical psychology: Elena a Ph.D.and Jacquelyn a Psy.D.Compared to Jacquelyn’s program,students in Elena’s program are __________ to receive full financial assistance and __________ to land a clinical internship.

A) more likely; less likely
B) more likely; more likely
C) less likely; less likely
D) less likely; more likely

Answer 33

B) more likely; more likely

Question 34

“Computer-assisted therapy” may refer to treatment administered via ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) videoconferencing
B) e-mail and text messages
C) therapy-based “apps”
D) All of the above would be considered modes of computer-assisted therapy.

Answer 34

D) All of the above would be considered modes of computer-assisted therapy.

Question 35

Jim wants to quit smoking secondary to some recent,serious health concerns.He and his therapist communicate frequently via e-mails and phone calls.In addition,his therapist periodically sends him links to webpages that offer useful techniques for dealing with cravings,and sends him automated text messages when he’s likely to be at a high risk of relapse (e.g.,when on break at work,following meals).This treatment is an apt example of what is known as

A) an electronic therapy protocol.
B) ambulatory assessment.
C) computer-assisted therapy.
D) virtual therapy.

Answer 35

C) computer-assisted therapy.

Question 36

ALL BUT WHICH of the following are criticisms against clinical psychologists obtaining prescription privileges?

A) Clinical psychologists would de-emphasize necessary medication and rely too heavily upon psychotherapy.
B) The relationship between clinical psychology and psychiatry/general medicine would suffer.
C) Clinical psychologists’ malpractice insurance premiums would increase significantly.
D) It might lead to an increase in research sponsored by drug companies.

Answer 36

A) Clinical psychologists would de-emphasize necessary medication and rely too heavily upon psychotherapy.

Question 37

Unlike a PPO,an HMO

A) employs a restricted number of providers to serve members.
B) contracts with outside providers to meet the needs of members.
C) is a type of managed care model.
D) attempts to contain health-care costs.

Answer 37

A) employs a restricted number of providers to serve members.

Question 38

Multiculturalism in clinical psychology

A) is discouraged by the American Psychological Association.
B) was a primary cause of the 1988 schism of the American Psychological Association.
C) is considered important for treatment, but not for research or education.
D) none of the above

Answer 38

D) none of the above

Question 39

APA published its first code of ethics in the

A) 1930s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1990s.

Answer 39

B) 1950s.

Question 40

Dr.Spring,a clinical psychologist,has been treating individuals in a private practice setting since the 1970s.In what respect does her professional practice today,in a managed care environment,likely differ from her professional practice in the ’70s and ’80s?

A) the length of treatment she can provide
B) the type of treatment she can provide
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 40

C) both of the above

Question 41

In 1993,the Ad Hoc Task Force on Psychopharmacology of APA published recommendations regarding competence in prescribing.According to these recommendations,in order to achieve the highest level of competence (Level 3)and practice independently as a prescribing psychologist,the psychologist must have completed

A) undergraduate coursework in organic chemistry and neuroscience plus a one-semester graduate course in psychopharmacology.
B) six months of prescribing experience supervised by a psychiatrist.
C) a strong undergraduate background in biological sciences, two years of graduate training in psychopharmacology, and a postdoctoral psychopharmacology residency.
D) a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in clinical psychology plus one year of postdoctoral training in a psychiatric treatment setting.

Answer 41

C) a strong undergraduate background in biological sciences, two years of graduate training in psychopharmacology, and a postdoctoral psychopharmacology residency.

Question 42

Dr.Rodon earned her clinical psychology Ph.D.15 years ago and she has worked in the neuropsychology department of the university hospital for the last 10 years.Recently,she completed a rigorous process of verifying her professional credentials,submitting several samples of her work for review by peers,and completing an oral exam administered by a panel of experts in the area of neuropsychology.If successful,what will Dr.Rodon receive for her efforts?

A) licensure
B) ABPP certification
C) a clinical internship
D) full professorship

Answer 42

B) ABPP certification

Question 43

ALL BUT WHICH of the following statements is true of “telehealth”?

A) It involves the delivery of health services using telecommunications technologies.
B) One significant advantage of telehealth is the reduction in stigma associated with seeking treatment at traditional clinics.
C) Most applications of telehealth to date have focused on poor urban communities with inadequate mental health facilities.
D) Two forms of telehealth relevant to clinical psychology are ambulatory assessment and computer-assisted therapy.

Answer 43

C) Most applications of telehealth to date have focused on poor urban communities with inadequate mental health facilities.

Question 44

Proponents of clinical psychologists obtaining prescription privileges argue that with prescription privileges,

A) clinical psychologists would be able to treat a wider range of clients.
B) care for patients needing both therapy and medication would be more efficient and cost-effective.
C) clinical psychologists would be better able to monitor changes in symptoms as a function of medication dosage.
D) all of the above

Answer 44

D) all of the above

Question 45

Dr.LeFevre is reimbursed for his clinical work under a model where he receives incentives for providing high-quality yet efficient services.In other words,he is paid more if he achieves a good patient outcome in 8 sessions than if he achieves a similar outcome with a similar patient in 12 sessions.What is the term for this type of reimbursement model?

A) pay-for-performance disease-management model
B) treatment efficiency maximization model
C) efficient contingency reward model
D) consumer-directed health-care model

Answer 45

A) pay-for-performance disease-management model

Question 46

According to U.S.Census Bureau projections,between 1995 and 2050,population growth will be lowest for

A) non-Hispanic Whites.
B) Blacks.
C) Hispanics.
D) Asian Americans.

Answer 46

A) non-Hispanic Whites.

Question 47

Contemporary private practice is dominated by

A) long-term, fee-for-service clinical work.
B) a resurgence of client-centered therapy.
C) clinical work within a managed care context.
D) personality assessment.

Answer 47

C) clinical work within a managed care context.

Question 48

According to supporters of cultural competence in clinical psychologists,clinicians should

A) adhere to the “myth of sameness.”
B) have expertise specific to the cultural backgrounds of those they serve.
C) avoid scientific mindedness.
D) all of the above

Answer 48

B) have expertise specific to the cultural backgrounds of those they serve.

Question 49

JoAnn has just begun treatment for generalized anxiety disorder,and her therapist gave her an electronic diary with instructions to rate her anxiety level and provide a brief description of the current situation every time she is prompted by the diary.The term for this type of assessment is

A) ambulatory assessment.
B) electronic symptom tracking.
C) real-time remote assessment.
D) periodic electronic evaluation.

Answer 49

A) ambulatory assessment.

Question 50

The history of private practice has witnessed

A) continuous cooperation between psychiatry and clinical psychology.
B) clinical psychologists trying, but failing, to earn reimbursement privileges from more than a handful of insurance carriers.
C) a decrease in the number of clinical psychologists interested in private practice.
D) none of the above

Answer 50

D) none of the above

Question 51

The influence of managed care is likely to impact psychological treatment in the future in ALL BUT THE FOLLOWING ways:

A) There will be increased use of master’s level providers and decreased use of doctoral level providers.
B) There will be decreased use of self-help interventions.
C) There will be greater use of computer- or Internet-assisted therapy.
D) More psychological services will be delivered via primary care settings.

Answer 51

B) There will be decreased use of self-help interventions.

Question 52

In 2007,the APA published recommendations pertaining to sensitive clinical practice with __________,due to concerns about diagnostic bias and other issues.

A) victims of abuse
B) girls and women
C) transgender individuals
D) multiracial individuals

Answer 52

B) girls and women

Question 53

A 2005 study comparing traditional (therapist-provided)cognitive therapy for depression and computer-assisted therapy found that individuals benefitted

A) more from the traditional therapy than from the computer-assisted therapy.
B) less from the traditional therapy than from the computer-assisted therapy.
C) similarly from each form of therapy at the end of treatment, with the traditional group doing better at follow-up.
D) similarly from each form of therapy both at the end of treatment and at follow up.

Answer 53

D) similarly from each form of therapy both at the end of treatment and at follow up.

Question 54

How has managed care influenced private practice psychotherapy?

Answer 54

-Managed care organizations contributed to greater competition among clinical and counseling psychologists for patients and a greater willingness to provide services for reduced fees.
-Managed care organizations have sought the services of master’s level (not doctorate) mental health providers, because these professionals are willing to accept lower reimbursement rates.

Question 55

Explain at least three criticisms of the licensing requirement in psychology.

Answer 55

.

Question 56

Describe the likely impact of prescription privileges on graduate training in clinical psychology.

Answer 56

.

Question 57

According to the 1996 Supreme Court ruling in the Jaffe v.Redmond case,

A) mental health professionals who misrepresent their credentials are guilty of a felony.
B) a client’s consent is necessary before his/her psychotherapy records can be disclosed.
C) specific confidentiality guidelines depend on the age of the client.
D) non-sexual dual relationships are not considered harmful to the client, from a legal perspective.

Answer 57

B) a client’s consent is necessary before his/her psychotherapy records can be disclosed.

Question 58

In the Tarasoff case,the California Supreme Court ruled that

A) the therapist should not have broken confidentiality at all.
B) the therapist’s actions were sufficient in the eyes of the law.
C) the therapist should have warned additional people.
D) the therapy conducted with the client caused the crime to be committed.

Answer 58

C) the therapist should have warned additional people.

Question 59

What constitutes a dual relationship,and why are such relationships ethically inappropriate?

Answer 59

.

Question 60

According to a recent survey (Pope & Vetter,1992)cited in the textbook,the type of ethical dilemma reported most frequently by APA members involved

A) confidentiality.
B) cultural competence.
C) clinical competence.
D) dual relationships.

Answer 60

A) confidentiality.

Question 61

A psychologist is seeing a client who reports that he/she is planning to kill his/her spouse.If the ruling in the Tarasoff case is applicable to this situation,the psychologist should

A) maintain confidentiality and not share this information with anyone.
B) break confidentiality and inform police of this threat.
C) require the client to call police and inform them directly of the threat.
D) break confidentiality and inform all appropriate persons, including the spouse, of the threat.

Answer 61

D) break confidentiality and inform all appropriate persons, including the spouse, of the threat.

Question 62

All but which of the following scenarios involves violation of the APA ethical principle of “competence”?

A) A clinician with a doctoral degree in counseling introduces herself as “Doctor Smith” and does not specify the nature of her training.
B) A clinician with a Ph.D. in clinical psychology uses an assessment or treatment procedure that he has not been specifically trained to use.
C) A clinician who is going through a messy divorce refers a similarly messy marital therapy case to another clinician due to fears that she would lack objectivity.
D) Each of the above scenarios involves violation of the competence principle.

Answer 62

C) A clinician who is going through a messy divorce refers a similarly messy marital therapy case to another clinician due to fears that she would lack objectivity.

Question 63

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Psy.D.model of training?

Answer 63

.

Question 64

Enumerate four advantages of ambulatory assessment over more traditional forms of assessment.

Answer 64

.

Question 65

Dr.Bigg has been treating Joshua,a man with panic disorder and moderate depression,weekly for two years,and between therapy sessions they often trade e-mail messages relating to Joshua’s symptoms.Over that two-year span,Joshua’s symptoms have been consistent; there’s no evidence that he’s gotten better or has been prevented from getting worse.How would you assess this situation from the standpoint of the APA Ethical Principles?

A) Dr. Bigg is breaching the ethical guidelines by trading e-mail messages with the client between sessions.
B) Dr. Bigg is breaching the ethical guidelines by failing to terminate the treatment and refer Joshua elsewhere.
C) Dr. Bigg is breaching the ethical guidelines in this case by offering individual therapy rather than less expensive group therapy.
D) There’s no evidence that Dr. Bigg is breaching any ethical guideline in this case.

Answer 65

B) Dr. Bigg is breaching the ethical guidelines by failing to terminate the treatment and refer Joshua elsewhere.

Question 66

Sexual intimacies between therapist and client

A) have a positive impact on many clients who are involved in them.
B) are not as harmful as emotional intimacies between therapist and client.
C) are not addressed by the APA Ethical Standards because they happen so infrequently.
D) are a type of “dual relationship.”

Answer 66

D) are a type of “dual relationship.”

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT considered a dual relationship between psychologist and client?

A) sexual activities with a client
B) employing a current client
C) becoming friends with a former client
D) All of the above are examples of dual relationships.

Answer 67

D) All of the above are examples of dual relationships.

Question 68

Among the “General Principles” presented in the most recent revision of the APA ethics code is

A) beneficence and non-maleficence.
B) integrity.
C) justice.
D) all of the above

Answer 68

D) all of the above

Question 69

In the Tarasoff case,the victim’s parents

A) sued the parents of the client.
B) sued the therapist.
C) defended the therapist in court.
D) none of the above

Answer 69

B) sued the therapist.

Question 70

Briefly summarize the facts of the Tarasoff case and the implications of its ruling on the practice of psychotherapy.

Answer 70

.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the scientist-practitioner and clinical scientist models of training.

Answer 71

.

Question 72

In what way are physicians serving as role models for clinical psychology Ph.D.s desiring to work in private practice? Why do some consider this a bad thing?

Answer 72

.