Chapter 13

Question 1

According to Rogers,the fundamental human tendency is

A) striving for self-fulfillment.
B) attempting to make sense of the world around us.
C) trying to eliminate unwanted behaviors.
D) trying to satisfy id impulses.

Answer 1

A) striving for self-fulfillment.

Question 2

According to Rogers,a well-adjusted adult who gets demoted at work as a result of poor performance will deal with the event by

A) suggesting that he/she would have performed better if he/she had been better motivated to do so.
B) emphasizing poor working conditions as the reason for his/her poor performance.
C) accepting the failure in this job but recognizing his/her other strengths and overall personal value.
D) achieving insight regarding the unconscious forces that contributed to his/her failure.

Answer 2

C) accepting the failure in this job but recognizing his/her other strengths and overall personal value.

Question 3

Client-centered therapists are especially likely to rely on __________ as the primary source of information about their clients.

A) self-reports
B) previous diagnoses
C) projective personality test data
D) objective personality test data

Answer 3

A) self-reports

Question 4

Which term below corresponds to the basic human tendency to maintain and enhance the self?

A) achievement drive
B) perfectionism
C) self-actualization
D) self-realization

Answer 4

C) self-actualization

Question 5

Which of the following is the best definition for the term “phenomenal field”?

A) the sum total of a given person’s knowledge
B) everything experienced by a person at any given point in time
C) all of the locations a given person visits/occupies regularly
D) a truly remarkable area of study

Answer 5

B) everything experienced by a person at any given point in time

Question 6

A client-centered therapist is seeing a client who frequently makes racially hateful comments.The therapist will probably

A) examine with the client the social costs and benefits of holding and stating such beliefs.
B) design a homework assignment that will enhance the client’s cultural sensitivity.
C) show respect and acceptance for the client as a person.
D) object only if the therapist holds dissonant beliefs.

Answer 6

C) show respect and acceptance for the client as a person.

Question 7

A client who is afraid of flying describes a recent episode in which his/her job required her to take a one-hour flight.A client-centered therapist is most likely to respond by

A) acknowledging the anxiety that the client must have felt .
B) pointing out to the client that he/she survived the flight and no catastrophe occurred, thus challenging the belief that flying is dangerous.
C) offering social reinforcements including smiles and compliments to increase the likelihood that the client will fly again.
D) offering the interpretation that the client’s fear of flying may actually be a response (reaction formation) to an unconscious wish to “fly” away from home.

Answer 7

A) acknowledging the anxiety that the client must have felt .

Question 8

According to Rogers,congruence

A) refers to the therapist’s ability to accurately identify and reflect the feelings of the client.
B) is secondary to insight as a therapeutic factor.
C) involves therapists openly expressing the feelings they have during sessions.
D) involves the similarity between the personal beliefs of the therapist and the personal beliefs of the client.

Answer 8

C) involves therapists openly expressing the feelings they have during sessions.

Question 9

Rogers’ theories of personality and psychotherapy were influenced by the approaches of Otto Rank and Jessie Taft,who emphasized

A) early childhood experiences as causative factors in adult psychopathology.
B) the importance of the therapeutic relationship and clients’ freedom to exert their wills in therapy.
C) the curative powers of identifying and adopting meaningful goals in life.
D) none of the above

Answer 9

B) the importance of the therapeutic relationship and clients’ freedom to exert their wills in therapy.

Question 10

According to Rogers,truly well-adjusted people

A) are conscious of childhood experiences that have contributed to their adult personalities.
B) are conscious of previously unconscious thoughts and impulses that had been influencing their behavior.
C) are able to acknowledge and accept all of their experiences, including those not immediately consistent with their self-concept.
D) all of the above

Answer 10

C) are able to acknowledge and accept all of their experiences, including those not immediately consistent with their self-concept.

Question 11

According to Rogers,empathy

A) is a professional tool that therapists use to earn clients’ trust.
B) is an attitude that must be genuine in order to be effective.
C) is an attitude that must be complete in order to be effective.
D) more than one of the above.

Answer 11

B) is an attitude that must be genuine in order to be effective.

Question 12

Client-centered psychotherapists assume that clients

A) possess growth potential.
B) are incapable of improving without critical feedback.
C) must rely upon the therapist to assume authority over their lives.
D) more than one of the above

Answer 12

A) possess growth potential.

Question 13

Emma,who is seeing Dr.Charles for client-centered therapy,is currently going through a particularly difficult time.How might Dr.Charles reassure Emma at this time,while also working within the confines of client-centered therapy?

A) by telling her repeatedly that she has the ability to make positive life changes
B) through her tone of voice, facial expression, and general demeanor
C) by patting or holding her hand during especially tough portions of session
D) none of the above

Answer 13

B) through her tone of voice, facial expression, and general demeanor

Question 14

According to Rogers,successful therapy is facilitated by

A) empathy.
B) insight.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 14

A) empathy.

Question 15

Carl Rogers

A) was born in Europe.
B) grew up in a family with devout religious beliefs.
C) received his professional training in psychiatry.
D) none of the above

Answer 15

B) grew up in a family with devout religious beliefs.

Question 16

A client-centered psychotherapist is conducting an initial interview with Akila,a new client.Upon which of the following data sources is the psychotherapist most likely to rely?

A) the results of Akila’s personality tests
B) Akila’s self-description
C) descriptions of Akila provided by her husband and sister
D) the results of Akila’s intelligence tests

Answer 16

B) Akila’s self-description

Question 17

A client-centered therapist is seeing a client whose comments anger the therapist.As a congruent therapist,the therapist will probably

A) terminate the therapy and refer the client to another therapist.
B) attempt to persuade the client to think more like the therapist does.
C) smile and nod in an attempt to maintain rapport.
D) allow the client to know that the therapist is angry.

Answer 17

D) allow the client to know that the therapist is angry.

Question 18

According to Rogers, therapists should provide unconditional positive regard

A) to all clients, unless they describe behaviors that are blatantly illegal.
B) to all clients, unless they describe behaviors that are clearly inconsistent with the norms or morals of society.
C) to all adult clients, but only to child clients whose behaviors are not disruptive or problematic.
D) none of the above

Answer 18

D) none of the above

Question 19

Rogers’ view of personality emphasizes __________,which is an appreciation of how an individual experiences the world around him/her.

A) logotherapy
B) congruence
C) moral precepts
D) phenomenology

Answer 19

D) phenomenology

Question 20

Brandon is a graduate student receiving training in client-centered therapy.Which of the following is something that he should be discouraged from doing when he meets with a client?

A) asking the client questions
B) giving the client advice
C) offering the client interpretations
D) all of the above

Answer 20

D) all of the above

Question 21

Shayla’s therapist is constantly calling her attention to her current feelings, thoughts, and experiences.Which type of therapy below is Shayla most likely receiving?

A) psychoanalytic
B) Gestalt
C) logo-
D) humanistic

Answer 21

B) Gestalt

Question 22

Rogerian therapists rarely __________ because doing so places the therapist in a position of authority,which can impede the development of client autonomy and self-actualization.

A) diagnose
B) give advice
C) offer interpretations
D) all of the above

Answer 22

D) all of the above

Question 23

In general,research evidence suggests that client-centered therapy is

A) more effective than no treatment.
B) more effective than most other forms of psychological treatment.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 23

A) more effective than no treatment.

Question 24

How do Gestalt therapists deal with patients’ dreams?

A) They reject the idea that dreams can be useful in therapy.
B) They rely on patients’ self-reports of dreams and use techniques such as free association to help extract latent content from manifest content.
C) They encourage patients to re-live their dreams in session with the therapist.
D) They analyze dreams and offer interpretations based upon symbolism that stems from the collective unconscious.

Answer 24

C) They encourage patients to re-live their dreams in session with the therapist.

Question 25

William’s therapist is using logotherapy techniques in their sessions.Assuming that the therapist attempted to match the treatment to the presenting problem,what is the most likely goal of William’s treatment?

A) to correct his illogical/distorted cognitions
B) to assist him in his recovery from a traumatic experience
C) to encourage independence in his thoughts and actions
D) to help him find meaning in a cold, uncaring world

Answer 25

D) to help him find meaning in a cold, uncaring world

Question 26

Which of the following is true of Rogers’ contributions to psychotherapy research?

A) He was the first well-known theorist to question the efficacy of psychotherapy.
B) He was the first person to use recordings of psychotherapy sessions to study therapy process and outcome.
C) He was the first to propose that consent forms be used in psychotherapy research.
D) He was the first to use meta-analysis as a way of summarizing results across psychotherapy effectiveness studies.

Answer 26

B) He was the first person to use recordings of psychotherapy sessions to study therapy process and outcome.

Question 27

According to existentialism,the fundamental human characteristic is

A) the search for meaning.
B) the desire for rational thought patterns.
C) the struggle between biological drives and societal norms.
D) the tendency toward self-actualization.

Answer 27

A) the search for meaning.

Question 28

What have recent psychotherapy studies found regarding the relationship between therapist empathy,unconditional positive regard,and congruence/genuineness and therapy outcome?

A) These variables show no correlation with therapy outcome.
B) These variables show significant but modest (<.30) correlations with therapy outcome.
C) These variables show significant and strong (>.50) correlations with therapy outcome.
D) Therapist empathy and unconditional positive regard are positively related to therapy outcome, but congruence/genuineness is unrelated to therapy outcome.

Answer 28

B) These variables show significant but modest (<.30) correlations with therapy outcome.

Question 29

Aside from psychotherapy,the client-centered/person-centered framework has been applied in which of the following contexts?

A) schools
B) businesses
C) charitable organizations
D) all of the above

Answer 29

D) all of the above

Question 30

Viktor Frankl’s experience with __________ led to his development of __________.

A) psychotic parents; logotherapy
B) psychotic children; client-centered therapy
C) concentration camps; ego-analytic psychotherapy
D) concentration camps; logotherapy

Answer 30

D) concentration camps; logotherapy

Question 31

Which of the following therapeutic techniques best illustrates paradoxical intention?

A) A client who anxiously stutters in social situations is told to ignore the problem and behave as though he/she is entirely comfortable in such situations.
B) A client who anxiously stutters in social situations is told to try to stutter in social situations.
C) A client who anxiously stutters in social situations role-plays this situation with the therapist, who stutters more noticeably than the client.
D) A client who anxiously stutters in social situations is instructed to substitute another symptom for stuttering.

Answer 31

B) A client who anxiously stutters in social situations is told to try to stutter in social situations.

Question 32

According to existential therapy,choosing the present,or status quo,ultimately results in feelings of ________,while choosing the future results in __________.

A) security; anxiety
B) security; satisfaction
C) guilt; satisfaction
D) guilt; anxiety

Answer 32

D) guilt; anxiety

Question 33

Regarding client contact,client-centered therapy recommends

A) weekly meetings with the client, with no extra sessions and no phone calls/e-mails/texts between sessions.
B) weekly meetings with the client, with extra sessions as needed but no phone calls/e-mails/texts between sessions.
C) weekly meetings with the client, with no extra sessions but phone calls/e-mails/texts between sessions, as needed.
D) weekly meetings with the client, with extra sessions as needed as well as phone calls/e-mails/texts between sessions, as needed.

Answer 33

A) weekly meetings with the client, with no extra sessions and no phone calls/e-mails/texts between sessions.

Question 34

The primary goals of existential psychotherapy are accepting responsibility for one’s decisions and

A) letting go of one’s past.
B) accepting one’s imperfections.
C) learning to tolerate anxiety.
D) relinquishing control over others’ decisions.

Answer 34

C) learning to tolerate anxiety.

Question 35

Oscar is receiving client-centered therapy.He is expressing his feelings fairly freely and beginning to assume some responsibility for his situation in life.He is most likely at which of the following stages of therapy,as conceived by Rogers?

A) first
B) fourth
C) seventh
D) tenth

Answer 35

B) fourth

Question 36

Gestalt therapy places greatest emphasis on

A) the distant past.
B) the recent past.
C) the present.
D) the immediate future.

Answer 36

C) the present

Question 37

Which of the following is a valid criticism of client-centered therapy?

A) Its emphasis on self-report rather than structured or objective assessment data makes it vulnerable to distorted or incomplete information.
B) Every client receives the same, “one-size-fits-all,” treatment.
C) Core concepts such as “being” and “congruency” are difficult to define and measure.
D) all of the above

Answer 37

D) all of the above

Question 38

Compared to psychoanalysis,client-centered therapy de-emphasizes

A) biological urges.
B) self-determination.
C) the here-and-now.
D) all of the above

Answer 38

A) biological urges.

Question 39

Most Rogerians believe that formal assessment and diagnosis is

A) necessary.
B) not necessary, but beneficial.
C) unnecessary.
D) detrimental.

Answer 39

D) detrimental.

Question 40

DeMarre is seeing a Gestalt therapist who asks him to act out both sides of a dialogue involving a “topdog” and an “underdog.” The “underdog” is most likely to

A) express DeMarre’s primitive wishes.
B) be defeated by the “topdog.”
C) echo the rules taught to DeMarre by his parents.
D) express DeMarre’s deepest fears.

Answer 40

A) express DeMarre’s primitive wishes

Question 41

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)is best conceived as an integration of what two psychotherapy traditions?

A) client-centered therapy and existential therapy
B) client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy
C) logotherapy and Gestalt therapy
D) existential therapy and psychodynamic therapy

Answer 41

B) client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy

Question 42

According to Gestalt therapists,the client’s actions and behaviors are the responsibility of

A) the client.
B) the client’s parents.
C) the sum total of the client’s experience.
D) none of the above

Answer 42

A) the client.

Question 43

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is a recognized shortcoming of the humanistic-existential approach to psychotherapy?

A) the use of language that suggests that other approaches are authoritarian or inhumane
B) an emphasis on feelings that leaves the therapy process vulnerable to bias and unreliability
C) the use of jargon that is vague and ill-defined
D) a research emphasis that seems to detract from the performance of the therapy, itself

Answer 43

D) a research emphasis that seems to detract from the performance of the therapy, itself

Question 44

Which psychotherapy uses a technique where people are directed to describe something about themselves,and then to add the phrase,”and I take responsibility for that”?

A) logotherapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) existential therapy
D) primal scream therapy

Answer 44

B) Gestalt therapy

Question 45

Which of the following is true regarding the “rules” of Gestalt therapy?

A) Communication should be in the future tense.
B) Questions are encouraged.
C) Gossip (talking about someone else) is not allowed.
D) none of the above

Answer 45

C) Gossip (talking about someone else) is not allowed.

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding research on the efficacy and effectiveness of Gestalt therapy?

A) An early meta-analysis (Smith et al., 1980) suggested that Gestalt therapy was more beneficial than no treatment at all.
B) More recent research suggests that Gestalt therapy is more effective than other forms of psychological treatment.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 46

A) An early meta-analysis (Smith et al., 1980) suggested that Gestalt therapy was more beneficial than no treatment at all.

Question 47

Most Gestalt therapists

A) recognize the value of psychotherapy research but are reluctant to conduct it for fear of violating clients’ confidentiality.
B) recognize the value of psychotherapy research and use well-established empirical methods to document the effectiveness of their work.
C) are strongly opposed to psychotherapy research.
D) are amenable to conducting outcome research, but not process research.

Answer 47

C) are strongly opposed to psychotherapy research.

Question 48

Relative to other major approaches to psychotherapy,humanism and existentialism

A) emphasize the potential for positive growth rather than psychopathology.
B) emphasize inner awareness rather than the influence of unconscious processes.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 48

C) both of the above

Question 49

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true regarding Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)?

A) It has been around for decades, but is currently experiencing a surge in popularity.
B) It is based on the idea that emotions are fundamentally adaptive.
C) It views emotion regulation as necessary for personal growth.
D) To date, the empirical research on the efficacy of EFT has been favorable.

Answer 49

A) It has been around for decades, but is currently experiencing a surge in popularity.