Chapter 11

Question 1

The 1995 Consumer Reports study on the benefits of psychotherapy found that

A) psychotherapy resulted in improvement for about one-third of respondents.
B) longer treatment was related to greater improvement.
C) respondents who received psychotherapy plus medication improved more than those who received psychotherapy alone.
D) none of the above

Answer 1

B) longer treatment was related to greater improvement.

Question 2

Research on client motivation and psychotherapy outcome

A) shows mixed support for the necessity of high levels of client motivation.
B) has had difficulty adequately defining and measuring client motivation.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 2

C) both of the above

Question 3

Lambert and Ogles’s (2004)conceptualization of common factors in psychotherapy suggests that __________ factors lay the groundwork for any subsequent changes.

A) biological
B) action
C) learning
D) support

Answer 3

D) support

Question 4

ALL BUT WHICH of the following are categories used to describe the usefulness of a therapeutic approach for reducing mental health symptoms?

A) well-established
B) certainly efficacious
C) probably efficacious
D) experimental

Answer 4

B) certainly efficacious

Question 5

A few studies have found that Treatment A for anxiety,a manualized treatment,is not only superior to a placebo treatment,but produces outcomes at least as good as an existing well-regarded,widely used treatment for anxiety.These studies have been conducted by different investigators,and the client samples have been specified clearly.On the basis of this information,we would describe Treatment A as

A) well-established.
B) probably efficacious.
C) possibly efficacious.
D) empirically verified.

Answer 5

A) well-established.

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding the overall efficacy of psychotherapy?

A) Empirical evidence does not support the overall efficacy of psychotherapy.
B) Empirical evidence supports the overall efficacy of psychotherapy.
C) The overall efficacy of psychotherapy has not been empirically tested.
D) Although psychotherapy is efficacious for some, it is not efficacious for the majority of clients.

Answer 6

B) Empirical evidence supports the overall efficacy of psychotherapy.

Question 7

According to the conventional wisdom about various patient variables,which individual is most likely to benefit from psychotherapy?

A) Bobby, who was referred to treatment by the courts after two separate instances of “road rage”
B) Antonio, whose wife begged him to seek help after he’d spent the last two weeks unable to pull himself out of bed
C) Ethan, who is trying to show that he is a “fit” parent in anticipation of an upcoming custody hearing
D) Kirin, who wants to make sure that her “head is on straight” before she starts a rigorous graduate program

Answer 7

D) Kirin, who wants to make sure that her “head is on straight” before she starts a rigorous graduate program

Question 8

Across the majority of approaches,successful psychotherapy tends to be associated with

A) hope/positive expectations in the client.
B) a strong therapeutic alliance.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 8

C) both of the above

Question 9

In Lambert and Ogles’s (2004)conceptualization of common factors in psychotherapy,risk taking and mastery are

A) excluded.
B) considered support factors.
C) considered learning factors.
D) considered action factors.

Answer 9

D) considered action factors.

Question 10

Dr.Pettigrew is conducting a study on a new psychotherapy for depression through the outpatient psychological services clinic at his university.The depressed patients in his study are all moderately depressed,and the therapists are clinical psychology interns and post-doctoral fellows who have received extensive training in the new technique.The clients,who are being paid to take part,are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group.Overall,the study has been designed to maximize internal validity.What term is used for studies of this nature?

A) a psychotherapy efficacy study
B) a psychotherapy effectiveness study
C) a quasi-experimental treatment study
D) an analog treatment study

Answer 10

A) a psychotherapy efficacy study

Question 11

Many clinicians believe that older clients have a __________ prognosis than younger clients,and the research support for this idea is __________.

A) poorer; strong
B) poorer; weak
C) better; strong
D) better; weak

Answer 11

B) poorer; weak

Question 12

Two separate research groups have conducted studies investigating Treatment B for anxiety,and each has found that the treatment group experienced more improvement than a waitlist control group.On the basis of this information alone,we would describe Treatment B as

A) experimental.
B) possibly efficacious.
C) probably efficacious.
D) certainly efficacious.

Answer 12

C) probably efficacious.

Question 13

Dr.Hennepin is conducting a study on a new psychotherapy for depression.The depressed clients in his study are diverse,ranging greatly both in the presence of comorbid diagnoses and the severity of their depression; the therapists also are diverse,with different types of mental health training (clinical psychology,social work)and different levels of experience.Dr.Hennepin’s study has a high degree of external validity.What term is used for studies of this nature?

A) a psychotherapy efficacy study
B) a psychotherapy effectiveness study
C) an analog treatment study
D) a double-blind placebo trial

Answer 13

B) a psychotherapy effectiveness study

Question 14

Which of the following terms is currently used to describe interventions or techniques that have produced significant change in clients and patients in controlled trials?

A) empirically validated treatment (EVT)
B) empirically supported treatment (EST)
C) evidence-based practice (EBP)
D) evidence-based treatment (EBT)

Answer 14

D) evidence-based treatment (EBT)

Question 15

Gabrielle and her therapist are currently working to improve Gabrielle’s social skills and correct her faulty ways of thinking.Which common factor of therapy is highlighted here?

A) the therapeutic alliance
B) the achievement of insight
C) the release of emotions
D) the building of competence/mastery

Answer 15

D) the building of competence/mastery

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT among the common factors of psychotherapy effectiveness?

A) the expert role of the therapist
B) contingency management
C) the therapeutic alliance
D) none of the above

Answer 16

B) contingency management

Question 17

The 1995 Consumer Reports study on the benefits of psychotherapy

A) measured the efficacy rather than the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
B) focused exclusively on treatment for alcohol and drug problems.
C) suggested that psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers were equally effective.
D) all of the above

Answer 17

C) suggested that psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers were equally effective.

Question 18

Cal just started psychotherapy two weeks ago,and he has noticed increased hope and positive expectations as a result.ALL BUT WHICH of the following is an accurate statement about such expectations?

A) They fall under the category of nonspecific therapy factors.
B) They likely increase the effectiveness of specific therapy interventions.
C) They likely account for the bulk of therapeutic effectiveness.
D) They are similar in function to a placebo.

Answer 18

C) They likely account for the bulk of therapeutic effectiveness.

Question 19

A 2006 meta-analysis by Weisz,Jensen-Doss,and Hawley (2006)on the effects of psychotherapy administered to youth of various backgrounds,symptom types,and symptom severity,found that

A) evidence-based treatment produced better outcomes both at the end of treatment and also at follow-up.
B) evidence-based treatment produced better outcomes at the end of treatment, but not at follow-up.
C) evidence-based treatment produced outcomes similar to treatment as usual at the end of treatment, but better outcomes at follow-up.
D) evidence-based treatment produced outcomes similar to treatment as usual both at the end of treatment and also at follow-up.

Answer 19

A) evidence-based treatment produced better outcomes both at the end of treatment and also at follow-up.

Question 20

Although their opinions may differ somewhat,most psychotherapy researchers believe that common factors __________ therapeutic change.

A) are responsible for the majority of
B) play at least a major role in
C) play only a minor role in
D) play no role in

Answer 20

B) play at least a major role in

Question 21

Rogers (1957)stated that empathy,warmth,and genuineness were __________ for therapeutic change.

A) necessary and sufficient
B) neither necessary nor sufficient
C) necessary but not sufficient
D) sufficient but not necessary

Answer 21

A) necessary and sufficient

Question 22

Which of the following variables is associated with better psychotherapy outcome?

A) the degree to which the therapist likes or relates to the patient
B) the attractiveness of the patient
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 22

C) both of the above

Question 23

Most therapists view openness to the therapeutic process as

A) a positive indication for outcome.
B) a mild form of psychopathology.
C) a symptom of Dependent Personality Disorder.
D) none of the above

Answer 23

A) a positive indication for outcome.

Question 24

What is the term for the degree to which one integrates new cultural patterns into one’s original cultural patterns?

A) cultural sensitivity
B) acculturation
C) accommodation
D) cultural identification

Answer 24

B) acculturation

Question 25

Dr.Chen,who is Asian American,is about to begin meeting with a young Latino man to administer behavior therapy for anxiety.Dr.Chen is concerned that their ethnic/racial differences will impede the progress of therapy.Being acquainted with the research on this issue,what would you tell him?

A) He’s right; when the therapist and client are not matched with regard to ethnic background, it tends to have a negative effect on the therapeutic outcome.
B) He’s wrong; although counterintuitive, when the therapist and client are not matched with regard to ethnic background, it tends to have a positive effect on the therapeutic outcome.
C) He’s wrong; although counterintuitive, when the therapist and client are not matched with regard to ethnic background, it tends to have a positive effect on the therapeutic outcome, but only when the therapist makes an effort to be culturally sensitive.
D) It is uncertain; the research conducted to date on the effect of therapist/client ethnic matching on therapeutic outcome is equivocal.

Answer 25

D) It is uncertain; the research conducted to date on the effect of therapist/client ethnic matching on therapeutic outcome is equivocal.

Question 26

According to Prochaska and Norcross’s (2002)work on stages of change in psychotherapy,clients in the _______ stage have no intention of changing their behavior in the near future,and were probably pressured to enter therapy by others (e.g.,the courts,family members,etc.).

A) termination
B) preparation
C) precontemplation
D) maintenance

Answer 26

C) precontemplation

Question 27

John is a man receiving psychotherapy; Jane is a woman receiving psychotherapy.Based on the average psychotherapy outcomes of men and women,

A) we predict that John will experience a better outcome.
B) we predict that Jane will experience a better outcome.
C) we predict that both will experience excellent outcomes.
D) we cannot predict who will experience a better outcome.

Answer 27

D) we cannot predict who will experience a better outcome.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT among the stages in the “Stages of Change” model proposed by Prochaska and Norcross (2002)?

A) intention
B) preparation
C) action
D) termination

Answer 28

A) intention

Question 29

Which of the following is true?

A) Several studies suggest that paraprofessionals produce therapy outcomes equivalent to, or at times exceeding, those produced by trained psychotherapists.
B) Most of the research evidence on the topic supports the position that the more experience a psychotherapist has, the better therapy outcome he/she will produce.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 29

A) Several studies suggest that paraprofessionals produce therapy outcomes equivalent to, or at times exceeding, those produced by trained psychotherapists.

Question 30

Dr.Haislip,a clinical psychologist,has just started seeing a client of a different cultural background than himself.Which of the following is good advice for Dr.Haislip?

A) He should not assess the person’s level of acculturation.
B) He should not view unfamiliar behaviors as pathological.
C) He should collect massive amounts of data early in the treatment.
D) all of the above

Answer 30

B) He should not view unfamiliar behaviors as pathological.

Question 31

In comprehensive reviews,Beutler et al.(1994,2004)concluded that

A) older therapists tend to produce better therapy outcomes than younger therapists.
B) female therapists tend to produce better therapy outcomes than male therapists.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 31

D) neither of the above

Question 32

According to the informed consent form featured in the textbook (Handelsman & Galvin,1988),which of the following questions does a client have the right to ask the therapist?

A) How does your kind of therapy work?
B) What other types of therapy or help are there?
C) How can I reach you in an emergency?
D) all of the above

Answer 32

D) all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following is true?

A) In the 1995 Consumer Reports study, people who saw a mental health professional reported higher satisfaction with their treatment than people who saw a family physician.
B) Research evidence has generally found that psychiatrists and clinical psychologists produce better psychotherapy outcomes than social workers.
C) Research evidence has generally found that clinical psychologists produce better psychotherapy outcomes than psychiatrists.
D) all of the above

Answer 33

A) In the 1995 Consumer Reports study, people who saw a mental health professional reported higher satisfaction with their treatment than people who saw a family physician.

Question 34

Two decades of research on therapeutic outcome for members of ethnic minority groups have

A) shown conclusively that members of ethnic minority groups tend to have much poorer outcomes.
B) shown conclusively that members of ethnic minority groups tend to have slightly poorer outcomes.
C) shown conclusively that members of ethnic minority groups tend to have better outcomes.
D) none of the above

Answer 34

D) none of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is true according to empirical research?

A) There is a positive relationship between social class of the client and therapy outcome.
B) There is a negative relationship between social class of the client and therapy outcome.
C) There is virtually no relationship between social class of the client and therapy outcome.
D) The relationship between social class of the client and therapy outcome has not yet been empirically studied.

Answer 35

C) There is virtually no relationship between social class of the client and therapy outcome.

Question 36

ALL BUT WHICH of the following is consistent with current thinking about the therapist qualities of empathy,warmth,and genuineness identified by Rogers (1957)?

A) They are necessary, but not sufficient, for successful therapy.
B) They are considered untrainable skills.
C) They are believed to reflect the quality of the therapeutic alliance.
D) All of the above are consistent with current thinking on this matter.

Answer 36

B) They are considered untrainable skills.

Question 37

Maya is aware that her intense social anxiety is interfering with her goal of furthering her education,but at this point she is not ready to commit to addressing the issue.Maya is at what stage of the “Stages of Change” model proposed by Prochaska and Norcross (2002)?

A) precontemplation
B) contemplation
C) preparation
D) ambivalent

Answer 37

B) contemplation

Question 38

Dr.Tierney is a clinical psychologist who has undergone personal psychotherapy in the past.Dr.Kellner,also a clinical psychologist,has never before received psychotherapy.Which individual is likely to be the more effective therapy provider?

A) Dr. Tierney
B) Dr. Kellner
C) It’s hard to say; research on this topic has been mixed.
D) It’s impossible to say; virtually no research has been devoted to this topic.

Answer 38

C) It’s hard to say; research on this topic has been mixed.

Question 39

The text talks about therapists and clients entering into a treatment “contract” after completion of the initial assessment.What is an accurate statement about such contracts?

A) They usually specify the length and goals of therapy.
B) They usually specify the client’s responsibilities while in treatment.
C) They may be modified as needed over time.
D) all of the above

Answer 39

D) all of the above

Question 40

Dr.Wicker is winding up treatment with a patient who initially presented for therapy with significant depressive and anxious symptoms.ALL BUT WHICH of the following interventions would be appropriate at this stage of treatment?

A) Dr. Wicker and her client should discuss and address the client’s feelings about termination.
B) Dr. Wicker and her client should evaluate the client’s progress within the current treatment.
C) Dr. Wicker and her client should discuss the possibility of the client returning for additional sessions in the future, if necessary.
D) All of the above would be appropriate at this stage of treatment.

Answer 40

D) All of the above would be appropriate at this stage of treatment.

Question 41

As a broad generalization about the effectiveness of psychotherapy,it is accurate to state that

A) many forms of psychotherapy are somewhat more effective than unplanned or informal help.
B) comparative trials have consistently demonstrated that psychodynamic psychotherapy is superior to other types of psychotherapy across most clinical conditions.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 41

A) many forms of psychotherapy are somewhat more effective than unplanned or informal help.

Question 42

Research that addresses the specific events that occur during therapy in the course of interaction between therapist and patient is best labeled __________ research.

A) meta-analytic
B) analogue
C) outcome
D) process

Answer 42

D) process

Question 43

Which of the following is a type of control group used in psychotherapy research?

A) waiting list control group
B) attention-only control group
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 43

C) both of the above

Question 44

According to the Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies,the average person who received psychotherapy obtained better outcomes than __________ of people who did not receive treatment.

A) 100%
B) 80%
C) 50%
D) 30%

Answer 44

B) 80%

Question 45

Studies that seek to investigate the efficacy of psychotherapy typically include a treatment group,a pre-treatment assessment of client functioning,a post-treatment assessment of client functioning,and

A) a control group.
B) a manipulation check.
C) an internal audit.
D) none of the above

Answer 45

A) a control group.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT true of manualized treatments?

A) They have been used by psychotherapy researchers to ensure that treatment protocols are standardized across patients.
B) They have been used outside of the research context in clinical practice.
C) They generally require less clinical skill than treatment as usual.
D) more than one of the above

Answer 46

C) They generally require less clinical skill than treatment as usual.

Question 47

According to Orlinsky et al.(2004),ALL BUT WHICH of the following is associated with positive psychotherapy outcome?

A) Therapists’ use of advice and guidance.
B) Therapists’ competence and adherence to the treatment protocol.
C) The degree to which clients reflect on, think about, and emotionally process material within sessions.
D) All of the above are associated with good therapy outcome.

Answer 47

A) Therapists’ use of advice and guidance.

Question 48

Which of the following is an accurate statement about practice guidelines?

A) They recommend specific forms of intervention for specific psychological disorders.
B) They specify, in detail, the methods and procedures for each type of treatment.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Answer 48

C) both of the above

Question 49

Smith and Glass (1977)

A) performed a comparative study involving 90 outpatients and found that psychodynamic and behavioral therapy produced better results than no treatment at all.
B) performed a meta-analysis of nearly 400 psychotherapy studies and concluded that psychotherapy is generally effective.
C) published a strong but non-empirical paper criticizing the general effectiveness of psychotherapy.
D) published a strong but non-empirical paper supporting the general effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Answer 49

B) performed a meta-analysis of nearly 400 psychotherapy studies and concluded that psychotherapy is generally effective.

Question 50

In __________,a report written by __________ had a powerful impact on the psychotherapy establishment by suggesting that psychotherapy with neurotic clients was no more effective than no therapy at all.

A) 1982; Eysenck
B) 1952; Eysenck
C) 1956; Bergin
D) 1976; Bergin

Answer 50

B) 1952; Eysenck