Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology - An introduction Flashcards
1
Q
What does the field of clinical psychology integrate?
A
- science
- theory
- practice
2
Q
What does the field of clinical psychology help us with?
A
Helps us understand and alleviate discomfort and dysfunction
3
Q
What does the field of clinical psychology promote?
A
Promotes human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development
4
Q
What factors does clinical psychology focus on?
A
- Intellectual
- emotional
- biological
- psychological
- social
- behavioural
…factors across the life span, in trying cultures and at all socioeconomic levels.
5
Q
What are closely related mental health professions to clinical psychology?
A
Psychiatry
Counseling Psychology
Clinical Social Workers
School Psychologists
Health psychologists
Rehabilitation psychologists
Psychiatric nurses
Non-regulated therapist
6
Q
What is psychiatry rooted in?
A
rooted in the medical tradition
7
Q
What does psychiatry regard psychopathology as?
A
as a mental “illness” that can be remedied with a medical treatment, (i.e medication)
8
Q
Psychiatry requires a medical degree in addition to?
A
to a residency in psychiatry
9
Q
What can psychiatrists be referred to as?
A
Medical physicians
10
Q
Why is thereadeclineinthepsychiatricfield?
A
- prescription privileges
- Decrease in interest
- Perceived lack of prestige
11
Q
Who doc counselling psychologists usually work with?
A
Traditionally work with normally or maladjusted individuals
12
Q
What have counselling psychologists historically focused on?
A
educational or career counselling
13
Q
What services do counselling psychologists generally provide?
A
- Preventative treatment
- Consultation
- Development of outreach programs
- Vocational counselling
- Short -term counselling / therapy from 1-15 sessions
14
Q
What is the main difference between clinical and counselling?
A
- twice as many applicants
- Average GRE scores of accepted students slightly higher
- Research is focused on psychological disorders, clinical health psychology, and clinical child and adolescent psychology is more common.
15
Q
What is the main difference between counselling and clinical?
A
- higher percentage of ethnic minorities students and those with master’s degrees
- research focused on minority/cross-cultural issues and vocational testing more common.
16
Q
What are clinical social workers?
A
Mental health professionals trained in psychiatric diagnosis, individual and group psychotherapy
17
Q
What can clinical social workers training be limited to?
A
a 2 year master’s degree
18
Q
What in particular are clinical social workers intensely inverted in their patients?
A
the day-to-day lives of their patients
19
Q
What do clinical social works focus more on?
A
the social and environmental factors that contribute to their patients difficulties.
20
Q
Who do school psychologists work with and promote what?
A
work with educators to promote the intellectual, social and emotional growth of school-age children.
21
Q
What activities do school psychologists do to?
A
evaluate children with special needs
develop programs or interventions
consult teachers and administrators
22
Q
What do health psychologists research or practical work focus on?
A
good health or prevention of illness, or the treatment of individuals with diagnosed medical conditions
23
Q
What individuals do rehabilitation psychologists focus on?
A
individuals with physical or cognitive disabilities and the ramifications that come along with them
24
Q
Who do psychiatric nurses work closely with?
A
psychiatrists or clinical psychologists
25
What do psychiatrists nurses working closely with psychiatrists or clinical psychologists do?
implement therapeutic recommendations
26
In most states do certified nurse practitioners have prescription privileges?
Yes
27
What do non-regulated "therapists" or "psychotherapists" not have from the government to be considered a mental health professional?
do not have sufficient educational or licensing requirements mandated by the state and provincial government to be considered a mental health professional?
28
Non-regulated "therapists" or "psychotherapists" offer services using the title of?
therapist
29
Where are the three most common settings clinical psychologists work in?
Private practices
Universities
Medical Schools
30
Have clinicians adhering to a psychodynamic orientation increased or decreased over the years?
Decreased
31
What has been increasing as apposed to psychodynamic orientation decreasing over the years?
cognitive-behavioural
32
How do you become a clinical psychologist?
The typical clinical psychologist completes a bachelor’s degree and then 5 years of graduate work.
33
what research takes place when training in clinical psychology?
- courses in statistics, research methodology, and participation in research
- thesis, intensive original research project, a dissertation
34
Why are internships necessary at the end of graduate training?
- allows you to gain experience in a. professional setting
- expose students to clinical psychologists who may have different ideas and theoretical orientation (helps combat provincialism)
- stimulates ideas for future research projecgs
35
What is a dissertation?
- intensive original research project
- Designed to contribute significant new information to the field
- most programs stress traditional experimental or correlational research
36
What are facts about women in the field of clinical psychology?
growing trend : more women than men work in this field
37
What are the three training models?
- Scientists-practitioner model
- Clinical-scientist model
- Professional Schools / Psy.D.
38
What is the scientist-practitioner model?
- Predominant training philosophy in clinical psychology today
39
What does the scientist-practitioner model require students to do?
requires the students to acquire research competence. by contributing to ongoing studies and eventually conducting their own original research project
40
What does the scientist-practitioner model integrate?
The role of scientist with practitioner
41
What did the clinical-scientist model arise from?
Arose from concerns that clinical psychology is not sufficiently grounded in science
42
What does the clinical-scientist model focus on?
Focuses on evidence-based approaches to assessment, prevention, and clinical intervention
43
Do professional schools have university affiliation?
usually have no university affiliation
44
What do professional schools offer?
offer advanced training in psychology that focuses on competence in assessment and psychotherapy rather than research
45
What types of activities do clinical psychologists engage in?
a.Psychotherapy
b.Assessment and diagnosis
c.Teaching
d.Supervision
e.Research
f.Consultation
g.Administration
- psychotherapy (highest mean percentage time spent in),
- Diagnosis/assessment, teaching,
- supervision,
- research
- consultation,
- administration
46
What are the most common employment settings of clinical psychologists?
therapy/intervention (includes helping those with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, personality disorders, etc.)
47
What are the five major components of a Ph.D. program in clinical psych?
coursework, practicum work, research, qualifying examination, and internship
48
How do clinical and counseling psychology differ?
counseling psychologists are less involved in research, the field of counseling psychology is much smaller than clinical and fewer training programs and graduates/ clinical psychologists prefer more psychopathological conditions while counseling psychologists prefer more vocational assessments and minority/cross cultural psychology
49
How do clinical and counseling psychology differ? In what ways are clinical and counselling psych similar?
answer 2nd question
they work with "normal people with normal problems", group or individual counseling, educational or occupational counseling, career and vocational assessment
50
What distinguishes a clinical psychologist from psychiatrists?
they attend medical school and general medical intership and recieve psychiatric training during a 4-year residency, the biggest difference is that they prescribe psychotropic medications from 15 minute medication menagement appointments and no therapy
51
What distinguishes a clinical psychologist from a social worker?
they have intense involvement with everyday lives of their clients, they have less training (only need a Masters in social work with takes 2 years)
52
What distinguishes a clinical psychologist from school psychologist?
they work with children with special needs, conduct educational assessments, develop learning programs, consult with teachers/parents/school officials
53
Who would be legally prohibited from using the title "therapist" or "psychotherapist"?
no one! these titles are not regulated by the government
54
Who would be legally be prohibited from using the title "psychologist"?
anyone who does not have appropriate training, does not pass a licensing exam, and does not maintain current knowledge
55
What is the definition of a clinical psychologist?
uses science and practice to understand, prevent, and treat mental health problems, Clinical psych focuses on all areas of functioning and considers factors of diversity
56
What does diagnosis/assessment include?
gathering information to answer a question or solve a problem through observation, testing, and interviewing
57
What is the scientist practitioner model?
says that clinical psychologists should be trained in both research and clinical work, it integrates research and clinical practice. It differentiates clinical psychologists from other mental health professionals. Ph.D. (50/50)
58
What different aspects of teaching can be included in clinical psychologist duties?
undergraduate classes (gen. psych, abnormal psych, personality, etc.), graduate courses (psychopathy, assessment, intervention, etc.), and mentoring graduate students
59
What is the most common place that clinical psychologists work?
private practice is number one and a university is second
60
What are alternatives to a Ph.D. program?
Psy.D., masters programs, professional schools, clinical science model
61
What are problems with professional schools?
for-profit, usually award Psy.D., and little focus on research competence
62
What is the clinical science model?
MORE emphasis on research than practice (80/20)
63
What is the Psy.D.?
doctor of psychology, hardly any focus on research and almost all on practice (10/90)
64
where do counseling psychologists work?
colleges, universities, hospitals, community mental health clinics
65
What is the process for a Ph.D.?
4-6 year long program plus a year long internship, dissertation
66
According to the definition of clinical psychology offered by the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of the APA), clinical psychology focuses on the _____
A. social
B. intellectual
C. emotional
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
67
According to the definition of clinical psychology offered by the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of the APA), the field of clinical psychology...
A. understands and alleviates maladjustments, disability and discomfort
B. promotes and supports the use of prescription medications
C. both of the above
D. neither of the above.
A. understands and alleviates maladjustments, disability and discomfort
68
Compared to other degrees in the mental health field, the doctoral degree in clinical psychology...
A. equips one to work with a narrower range of patient types
B. equips one to work with a similar range of patients types
C. equips one for a wider array of job opportunities
D. equips one for a similar array of job opportunities
C. equips one for a wider array of job opportunities
69
_____ are physicians
A. rehabilitation psychologists
B. clinical psychologists
C. occupational therapists
D. Psychiatrists
D. Psychiatrists
70
Which of the following clinical psychology may currently prescribe medication to people under their care?
A. all clinical psychologists
B. only clinical psychology earning their degrees from 2005 onward
C. only clinical psychologists in some states
D. no clinical psychologists
C. only clinical psychologists in some states
71
Dr. Green is a clinical psychologists. Her neighbour, Dr. Brown, is psychiatrist. In which area below would we expect to find that Dr. Green has received more training than Dr Brown?
A. assessment
B. psychotherapy
C. principles of human behaviour
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
72
In contrast to psychiatrists, clinical psychologists typically receive little training in...
A. formal assessment of psychological functioning
B. scientific research methods
C. medicine
D. human behaviour
C. medicine
73
Which of the following is true regarding psychiatric residencies?
A. they take place after the medical degree and general medical internship re completed, and typically last 1 year
B. they take place after the medical degree and general medicine internship are completed, and typically lasts 4 years
C. they take place between the completion of the medical degree and the general medical internship, typically lasts 1 year
D. they take place between the completion of the medical degree and the general medical internship and typically lasts 4 years
B. they take place after the medical degree and general medicine internship are completed, and typically lasts 4 years
74
Over the last 4 decades, the popularity of the psychiatric specialisation among medical school graduates ...
A. has increased dramatically
B. has generally declined
C. first declined and then experienced a resurgence
D. had remained relatively stable.
B. has generally declined
75
Aidan, a college freshman who is interested in the mental health field, visits a vocational guidance counsellor to talk about the various training and degree options. About one field, his counsellor tells him, "This area is currently in the middle of an identity crises. This field has shrunk over time, the prestige has dropped, the emphasis of the work has changed, and people with this degree rarely get the chance to offer intensive talk therapy to their patients," Which field Is the counsellor most likely referring to?
a. clinical psychology
b. psychiatry
c. clinical social work
d. counselling psychology
b. psychiatry
76
Traditionally, counselling psychologists work primarily with...
a. normal or moderately maladjusted individuals
b. children or the elderly
c. psychiatric inpatients
d. individuals with alcohol dependancy
a. normal or moderately maladjusted individuals
77
Dr. Stevens feels competent seeing clients who are having difficulty adjusting to stressors in their
lives but who generally function at a high level. If she was to determine that a client had schizophrenia or needed medication, she would refer to another type of mental health professional Dr. Stevens is probably a...
a. psychiatrist
b. clinical psychologist
c. school psychologist
d. counselling psychologist
d. counselling psychologist
78
Traditionally, the most common employment arenas for counselling psychologists have been
a. educational settings such as colleges and universities.
b. psychiatric hospitals.
c. general hospitals.
d. private corporations.
a. educational settings such
79
Which of the following activities are consistent with the work of counselling psychologists?
a. development of outreach programs
b. vocational counselling and short-term counselling/therapy
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above
c. both of the above
80
Dr. Young earned a doctoral degree in counselling psychology 5 years ago, and Dr. Experienced earned a
doctoral degree in counselling psychology 25 years ago. Which of the following is most likely,
considering recent trends in the field?
a. Dr. Young is more interested in vocational and career counseling than Dr. Experienced
b. Dr. Young is more interested in private practice than Dr. Experienced.
c. Dr. Young was trained in medicine, but Dr. Experienced was not.
d. Dr. Young is less interested in traditionally clinical activities than Dr. Experienced
b. Dr. Young is more interested in private practice than Dr. Experienced.
81
What trend has been observed over the years regarding the theoretical orientation of counseling
psychologists?
a. Counselling psychologists have shifted from a predominantly psychodynamic orientation
b. Counseling psychologists have shifted from a predominantly humanistic (person-centered)
orientation to more diverse orientanons.
c. Counseling psychologists have shifted from a predominantly psychodynamic orientation
a predominantly cognitive one
d. Counselling psychologists have shifted from a predominantly humanistic orientation to a predominantly psychodynamic one
b. Counseling psychologists have shifted from a predominantly humanistic (person-centered)
orientation to more diverse orientanons.
82
Which of the following is true?
a. There are more doctoral-level counselling psychologists than doctoral-level clinical psychologists.
b. There are more accredited doctoral programs in counselling psychology than in clinical psychology.
c. It is more likely for a clinical program, as opposed to a counselling program, to be housed in a psychology department
d. all of the above are true
c. It is more likely for a clinical program, as opposed to a counselling program, to be housed in a psychology department
83
Which of the following types of clients would typically be seen by a clinical, rather than counseling psychologist?
a. A man who wants vocational testing and counseling to help him make career choices
b. A woman with a 20-year history of borderline personality disorder who has been hospitalized several times.
c. A high-functioning professional woman seeking short-term treatment for mild depressive symptoms following a death in the family.
d. A college student who visits the college counseling center to discuss problems with a romantic relationship.
b. A woman with a 20-year history of borderline personality disorder who has been hospitalized several times.
84
Which of the following statements about clinical and counseling psychology doctoral programs is
INACCURATE?
a. Applicants to clinical programs have higher GRE scores.
b. Counseling programs accept a higher percentage of ethnic minority students.
c. Counseling programs more commonly feature research focusing on minonty or cross*
cultural issues.
d. Research focusing on psychological disorders is more common in counseling programs
than in clinical psychology programs.
d. Research focusing on psychological disorders is more common in counseling programs
than in clinical psychology programs.
85
Which mental health profession below is most likely to emphasize social forces and external agents that may contribute to patients' difficulties?
a. psychiatry
b. clinical social work
c. clinical psychology
d. counseling psychology
b. clinical social work
86
Which of the following is generally true regarding the various mental health professions?
a. Over the years, the professional roles have tended to blur, such that the activities of various types of mental health professionals now overlap.
b. Over the years, the ability to prescribe medicine, which once belonged exclusively to
psychiatrists, has spread to most mental health professions.
c. Although some overlap may occur in other areas, clinical psychologists are still the only mental health professionals who can ethically conduct psychotherapy.
d. Although some overlap may occur in other areas, clinical psychologists are still the only mental health professionals who can ethically conduct psychological testing.
a. Over the years, the professional roles have tended to blur, such that the activities of various types of mental health professionals now overlap.
87
A therapist regularly visits the homes and workplaces of his/her clients in an attempt to actively understand the clients' daily stresses. It is most likely that this therapist is a...
a. clinical social worker.
b. clinical psychologist.
c. counseling psychologist.
d. psychiatric nurse.
a. clinical social worker.
88
Which of the following statements about clinical social workers is INACCURATE?
a. They provide only a small fraction of the nation's mental health services.
b. They typically have training programs that are shorter in length than those of clinical
psychologists.
c. Fieldwork constitutes an important part of their training.
d. All of the above statements are true.
a. They provide only a small fraction of the nation's mental health services.
89
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relative size of the fields of clinical psychology
and clinical social work?
a. Clinical psychologists currently outnumber clinical social workers, and this trend is likely to continue in the future.
b. Clinical psychologists currently outnumber clinical social workers, but this trend is likely to reverse over time.
c. Clinical social workers currently outnumber clinical psychologists, and this trend is likely to continue in the future.
d. Clinical social workers currently outnumber clinical psychologists, and this trend is likely to reverse over time.
c. Clinical social workers currently outnumber clinical psychologists, and this trend is likely to continue in the future.
90
Which of the following activities is typical of a school psychologist?
a. generating programs to assist the development of children with special needs
b. testing and evaluating school-age children
c. consulting with school officials and teachers regarding educational policy
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
91
Kendra, who is interested in the mental health field, visits a career counselor to talk about the various
training and degree options. About one field, her counselor tells her, "There's a real need for people to
enter this area; it's one of the smaller training areas, and the individuals who need service often must wait
months or years to meet with a professional for evaluation." Based on what you have read about the
various mental health professions, which field is the counselor most likely referring to?
a. school psychology
b. clinical psychology
c. clinical social work
d. any of the above
a. school psychology
92
Dr. Phillips is a mental health professional who works in a general hospital with physically or cognitively
disabled clients and attempts to help them adjust to the barriers they face. Dr. Phillips is most likely a...
a. school psychologist.
b. rehabilitation psychologist.
c. psychiatrist.
d. counseling psychologist.
b. rehabilitation psychologist.
93
Dr. Herman is a mental health professional who spends part of his time working in a medical center designing and running weight control programs for people with Type II diabetes, and the rest of the time
consulting with local businesses about how to reduce employee stress. Dr. Herman is most likely a
a. health psychologist.
b. psychiatrist.
c. rehabilitation psychologist.
d. clinical social worker.
a. health psychologist.
94
People who are trained to assist professional mental health workers
a. are called paraprofessionals.
b. rarely have direct access to clients, especially in crisis centers.
c. generally have not been found to effectively supplement the work of professionals.
d. all of the above
a. are called paraprofessionals.
95
Which of the individuals below would be legally prohibited from using the title "psychotherapist"?
a. someone receiving a Ph.D. in counseling psychology
b. someone receiving a master's degree in social work
c. someone who has no formal training in mental health interventions, but gives advice to people after reading their palms
d. none of the above
d. none of the above
96
Which activity typically occupies the largest portion of clinical psychologists' time?
a. research
b. diagnosis
c. intellectual testing
d. psychotherapy
d. psychotherapy
97
According to recent research on the topic, which two activities are most commonly engaged in by clinic:
psychologists?
a. psychotherapy and teaching
b. teaching and research
c. research and assessment/diagnosis
d. assessment/diagnosis and psychotherapy
d. assessment/diagnosis and psychotherapy
98
Which of the activities below are performed by significant numbers of clinical psychologists?
a. diagnosis/assessment
b. teaching/ supervision
c. research and consultation
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
99
The mental health professionals most likely to have been trained as both scientists and practitioners are
a. clinical social workers.
b. clinical psychologists.
c. psychiatrists.
d. psychiatric nurses.
b. clinical psychologists.
100
Research on the employment of clinical psychologists demonstrates
a. a significant diversity of both work activities and work settings.
b. that very few clinical psychologists work in private practice settings anymore.
c. that research is the most common work activity among clinical psychologists.
d. that at least a quarter of clinical psychologists feel dissatisfied with their careers.
a. a significant diversity of both work activities and work settings.
101
According to recent demographic data, _____ of current clinical psychologists are women.
a. a small minority (fewer than 10%)
b. about a third
c. about half
d. a large majority
b. about a third
102
The percentage of clinical psychologists who identify as racial or ethnic minorities is currently ______
and this number is likely to _____ in the future.
a. less than 10% increase
b. less than 10%; remain stable
c. about 25%; increase
d. about 25%; remain stable
A. less than 10% increase
103
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the theoretical orientations of clinical psychologists?
a. The proportion who consider themselves primarily psychodynamic in orientation has increased in recent decades.
b. The proportion who consider themselves primarily cognitive in orientation has decreased
in recent decades.
c. Eclectic remains the most commonly endorsed theoretical orientation
d. All of the above statements are true.
c. Eclectic remains the most commonly endorsed theoretical orientation
104
Kai is a typical clinical psychologist. Most likely, he has completed
a. only a bachelor's degree.
b. a bachelor's degree and two years of graduate work.
c. a bachelor's degree and five years of graduate work.
d. a bachelor's degree, a medical degree, and a three-year residency.
c. a bachelor's degree and five years of graduate work.
105
Which of the following is true of people with master's degrees in clinical psychology?
a. They can be licensed as psychologists in most states.
b. They typically achieve as much professional independence as people with doctoral degrees
in clinical psychology.
c. They are typically paid less and perceived as less competent than people with doctoral degrees in clinical psychology.
d. Research has suggested that they are less effective than doctoral-level clinicians.
c. They are typically paid less and perceived as less competent than people with doctoral degrees in clinical psychology.
106
The predominant training philosophy in clinical psychology today is the
a. clinical science model.
b. scientist-practitioner model.
C. research specialization model.
d. ethical practitioner model.
b. scientist-practitioner model.
107
Each of the following factors may vary from one clinical psychology training program to another, with the exception of
a. the specific course requirements.
b. the inclusion of clinical practica.
C. the form of the qualifying exam.
d. Any of the above factors may vary from one program to another.
b. the inclusion of clinical practica.
108
Given the description provided in the text, each of the following would constitute a clinical practicum
experience EXCEPT
a. providing therapy to mildly depressed outpatients through a clinic operated by the psychology department.
b. performing cognitive assessments on individuals coming through an Alzheimer's clinic at
the local hospital.
c. teaching an undergraduate research methods laboratory for the department.
d. running a weekly group at the library to teach relaxation techniques to people in the
community.
c. teaching an undergraduate research methods laboratory for the department.
109
A typical contemporary clinical psychology doctoral training program includes
a. coursework in basic and applied psychology.
b. practicum work.
c. coursework in research methods and the completion of theses/dissertations.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
110
Javier is a 4 year clinical psychology graduate student. For the last two months, he has been busy
writing up an original study that he conducted in the lab last term. Based on this information alone, one
might guess that the document Javier has been working on is his
a. preliminary exam.
b. thesis.
c. dissertation.
d. post-doc application.
c. dissertation.
111
Which component of the doctoral program in clinical psychology is specifically intended to develop a
student's competence with regard to clinical work?
a. practicum experiences
b. internship
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above
c. both of the above
112
During their third years, students at some clinical psychology training programs are required to take a qualifying exam (also called a preliminary or comprehensive exam) before proceeding to their dissertations. At other programs, students may fulfill the exam requirement by instead
a. completing a comprehensive literature review on some topic.
b. reading several "classic" works in the field and discussing them with their advisor.
c. assembling a portfolio of their best clinical work.
d. none of the above; all doctoral degree candidates must take a qualifying exam
a. completing a comprehensive literature review on some topic.
113
If a clinical psychology doctoral program is accredited by the American Psychological Association,
a. students must complete a 2-year internship.
b. students must complete an internship that has not been completed by any other students from that graduate program within the last 5 years.
c. students must complete internships in medical, rather than educational, settings.
d. none of the above
d. none of the above
114
The clinical science training model
a. has been decreasing in popularity in recent years.
b. focuses on evidence-based approaches to assessment and intervention.
c. emphasizes the "art" of clinical practice.
d. has been embraced by the majority of clinical psychology training programs
b. focuses on evidence-based approaches to assessment and intervention.
115
APA accredits ______
programs in clinical psychology.
a. only Psy.D
b. onlv Ph.D.
c. both Psy.D. and Ph.D
d. The APA doesn't accredit training programs in clinical psychology
c. both Psy.D. and Ph.D
116
Where do clinical psychologists work? How has this evolved over the last few decades?
.
117
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of holding a doctoral degree,rather than a master's degree,in clinical psychology.What might we predict about the popularity of master's levels programs in the future,and why?
.
118
Compare and contrast the training and activities of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
.
119
Briefly describe the major components of a typical doctoral program in clinical psychology.
.
120
Why is tolerance for ambiguity important for the contemporary clinical psychologist?
.
121
Describe trends in the popularity of the psychiatric profession over the last few decades.Provide at least three reasons for these trends,relative to other medical specialties.
.
