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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3- Cellular Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cellular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

The belief that the fundamental unit of all living things is the cell and that all modern cells come from previously existing cells

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2
Q

List the 3 basic cellular components.

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

Define plasma membrane and its functions.

A

A bilayer of cells that are the “outer skin” of the cell that separates the interior of the cell from its outside environment. It provides structure and protection, transports nutrients and waste, communicates with other cells and identifies the cell to the immune system.

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It’s the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles in cytosol (the jelly)

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5
Q

List the membranous structures of the cell

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Proteasome
Mitochondria
Vesicles 
Lysosomes 
Peroxisomes
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6
Q

List the non-membranous structures of a cell

A 
Ribosomes
Proteasomes
Cytoskeleton 
Centrosome
Microvilli
Cilia 
Flagella
Nucleolus
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7
Q

Define rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and its function.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum that have ribosomes attached to the walls, giving them a tough appearance and is located closest to the nucleus.

It is where most of the proteins are formed in the cell and is responsible for folding the proteins and transporting them to the Golgi apparatus.

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8
Q

Define and Describe the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

An organelle that is a network of canals and sacs made of cell membrane that is attached to the outer nucleus memebrane and through out the cytoplasm.

There 2 types of ER: rough and smooth

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9
Q

Define and Describe the function:

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

An organelle that synthesizes membrane lipids, steroid hormones and some carbohydrates used to form glycoproteins.

-SER does not contain ribosomes

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10
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Golgi apparatus

A

The “processing plant”- A complex of folded membranes and vesicles that are involved in secretion and intracellular transportation. Located closer to the plasma membrane.

The main functions are:
Modifying, sorting and packaging proteins
Transporting lipid around the cell
Creation of lysosomes

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11
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Ribosomes

A

A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins.

They bind mRNA and tRNA to create polypeptides and proteins

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12
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Vesicles

A

Membrane sacs that temporarily contain molecules to transport around the cell

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13
Q

Define and Describe:

Mitochondria

A

The organelle in which the process of cellular respiration and energy production (ATP synthesis) occurs. It’s a “sac within a sac”. The inner sac being a bunch of folded membrane to form cristae.

*contains DNA

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14
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Lysosomes

A

A membranous organelle that contains degradative enzymes.
They are the “cellular garbage disposal” or “digestive bags”

It attaches to vesicles to breakdown their contents, including defective cell parts, into either food or waste.

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15
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Peroxisome

A

Membranous organelle that contains enzymes detoxify harmful substances
-only site that breaks down long chain fatty acids, cellular lipids and hydrogen peroxide

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16
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Proteasome

A

A hollow drum- like, non-membranous cell component that contain protease, an enzyme that breakdowns unneeded or abnormal proteins

Most commonly found in the nucleus or near the ER.

17
Q

Define and Describe the structures:

Nucleus

A 
The brain of the cell and site of DNA replication and RNA transcription 
Contains:
Nuclear envelope 
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Nucleolus
18
Q

Describe the function:

Centrosomes

A

Constructs the spindles of microtubules of the cytoskeleton

19
Q

Define and Describe the content:

Cytoskeleton

A 
The skeleton of the cell; a non-membranous cellular component that is made up of long-chain molecular fibers of different thicknesses that provides structural support.
Contains:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
20
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Centrioles

A

Bundles of 27 microtubules (9 sets of 3)

Performs an essential role in the formation of cellular extensions of the plasma membrane.

21
Q

What are the 3 primary cellular extensions and their purpose.

A

Microvilli are finger-like folds that are designed to increase the surface area of a cell and can be found in the intestinal tract.
Cilia are hair like extensions that help move contamination towards an exit and can be found on airway cells.
Flagella are single tail-like structures that design for movement; found on bacteria and the sperm cell.

22
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Microfilaments

A

The smallest of the cytoskeleton components; Twisted strands of protein molecules that are often laying parallel to on another
-produces the contraction of a cell

23
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Intermediate filament

A

Similar to the microfilament but thicker

-primarily for structure

24
Q

Define and Describe the function:

Microtubules

A

Made of many protein subunits, oriented in a spiral fashion.
-primarily for transporting things around the cell or moving the cell itself.

25
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A

A double- layer membrane around the nucleus containing pores that selectively allows molecules in or out of the nucleoplasm.

26
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

The fluid interior of the nucleus, comparable to cytoplasm.

27
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Together long strands of DNA

28
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Rod like structures of tightly coiled DNA

29
Q

What are the 3 common cell connections? Describe each one

A

Spot desmosomes are like dots of Velcro that attach cells together.
Belt desmosomes are like longer strips of Velcro
Gap junctions are when channels of the plasma membranes adhere to one another and form tunnels.
Tight junctions from when cells are joined near the top like cans in plastic 6-pack rings, but without the gaps

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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