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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2- Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Define Element

A

“Pure” substances that cannot be broken down into different substances

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3
Q

Define Compound

A

Two or more atoms of the same or different elements that are chemically joined. Also know as a molecule.

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4
Q

Define Atom

A

Smallest complete unit of all elements

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5
Q

Define Subatomic particles

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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6
Q

Define Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particles

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7
Q

Define Neutron

A

Neutrally charged subatomic particles

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8
Q

Define Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles

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9
Q

Define Atomic nucleus

A

The core of the atom, containing protons and neutrons.

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10
Q

Define Atomic number

A

The number of protons

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11
Q

Define Atomic weight

A

The number of protons and the average number of neutrons.

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12
Q

Define Isotope

A

An element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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13
Q

Define Energy shells

A

The orbit of electrons around the nucleus.
Also call an electron shells.
The 1st, or innermost, shell is considered full if it has 2 electrons.

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14
Q

What subatomic particles are responsible for all chemical reactions?

A

Electrons

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15
Q

What is the Octet Rule of chemistry?

A

An atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons in its outermost shell.

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16
Q

Why are hydrogen atoms considered unstable?

A

Hydrogen has only one electron in its 1st shell and no outer shell

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17
Q

Define Inert

A

Chemically inactive

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18
Q

Define ionic bond

A

The bond created when an atom loses an electron to another atom or gains an electron from another atom. They bond by transferring electrons.

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19
Q

What is an ion?

A

A molecule that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of an ionic bond.

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20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond created when 2 or more atoms share electrons.

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21
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

When there is an uneven charge around an atom

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22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A bond created when the negative pole of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of another molecule.

NOT A TRUE BOND because electrons are not transferred or shared

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23
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

The result of the bond or breaking apart of a molecule.

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24
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

When 2 or more atoms or molecules (reactants) interact to create new chemical bonds and compounds (products)

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25
Q

What is a decomposition reaction and its result?

A

When bonds break within the molecule and produce simpler molecules, atoms or ions.

Energy is usually released in these types of reactions.

26
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

These reactions breakdown 2 or more compounds (creating energy) and, in exchange, create 2 or more new compounds (requiring energy).

27
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

28
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller chemical units, creating energy.

29
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The construction of larger molecules form smaller molecules (requires energy)

30
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules by removing water molecules

31
Q

Define organic molecules

A

“Living molecules”

Generally described as having a carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bond.

32
Q

List the 4 common organic molecules

A 
Carbohydrates 
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
33
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

“Non-living” molecules

34
Q

List the groups of inorganic molecules

A 
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Electrolytes
Acids 
Bases
Buffers
Salts
35
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

A substance with dissolved ions in a solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electrical current.

36
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when in a solution

A low pH

37
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that ionizes in water to decrease the number of hydrogen ions

A high pH

38
Q

Describe the pH scale

A

Indicates the relative concentration of hydrogen ions

39
Q

What is the pH of distilled water?

A

7

40
Q

What is the pH of human blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

41
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes the fluctuations of pH.

42
Q

What are salts?

A

Compounds of ions of opposite charges that are the result from the chemical reaction between an acid and a base.

43
Q

Describe carbohydrates

A

Sugars;

organic molecules that are comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

44
Q

What are the primary subunits of a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

45
Q

What is a lipid

A

A hydrophobic organic molecules that have no electrical charge are are oily.

46
Q

What are the 4 main lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Prostaglandin

47
Q

What is the primary subunit of a lipid?

A

Fatty acid

48
Q

What are the subunits for triglycerides?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

49
Q

Define protein

A

Basic building block of the human body; a chain of amino acids bonded with peptide bonds

50
Q

How many different commonly occurring amino acids do we use?

A

20

51
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

8

52
Q

What makes an amino acid “essential”?

A

They have to be eaten. We can’t make them.

53
Q

Describe the main 2 types of proteins

A

Structural protein form the structures of cells, tissues, organs & connective tissues.
Functional proteins are active proteins. Some act as accelerators or helpers in the chemical reactions. Others act as hormones.

54
Q

What are the 2 main nucleic acids?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

55
Q

What are the subunits for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

56
Q

Describe the 2 primary nucleotides.

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) transfers energy from the fuel molecules to the working molecules.
CP (creatine phosphate) transfers energy from the fuel to the ATP.

57
Q

What is DNA

A

Our genetic coding;

Large molecules made up of many smaller molecules that are similar to one another (nucleotides)

58
Q

What is RNA ?

A

The replicator of our DNA

59
Q

What is DNA comprised of?

A

Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), Adenine paired with Thymine (A-T)
Guanine paired with Cytosine (G-C), and a long, double-strand of polynucleotides

60
Q

What is RNA comprised of?

A

Ribose (5-carbon sugar),

Adenine paired with Uracil (A-U), Guanine paired with Cytosine (G-C) and a short single chain of polynucleotides

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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