Chapter 1- Organization

Question 1

Define Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the STRUCTURE of the human body

ana-: “apart”
-tomy: “to cut”

Question 2

Describe the two types of anatomy.

Answer 2

Gross anatomy- the parts that are visible to the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy- the study of cells and tissue

Question 3

Define Physiology

Answer 3

The study of the FUNCTIONS of the anatomy

Question 4

What are the 10 characteristics of human life

Answer 4

Responsiveness 
Conductivity 
Growth
Respiration 
Circulation
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption 
Reproduction

Question 5

What are 9 levels of structural organization?

Answer 5

Elements 
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism

Question 6

Define and describe anatomical position

Answer 6

The standard position to reference point of view.

Standing posture with face, palms, and feet facing forward.

Question 7

Define bilateral symmetry

Answer 7

The belief that the right and left sides of the human body are externally mirror images

Question 8

Name and describe the body planes

Answer 8

Sagittal plane- plane dividing the body into right and left.
Coronal (or frontal) plane- the plane that divides the body into front (anterior/ventral) and back (posterior/dorsal)
Transverse plane- the plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower

Question 9

Define superior

Answer 9

Upper or above

Question 10

Define inferior

Answer 10

Lower or below

Question 11

Define anterior

Answer 11

Front or in front of

Question 12

Define posterior

Answer 12

Back or in back of

Question 13

Define medial

Answer 13

Toward the midline of the body

Question 14

Define lateral

Answer 14

Toward the sides of the body

Question 15

Define proximal

Answer 15

Closer to the torso (limbs only)

Question 16

Define distal

Answer 16

Farther away from the torso (limbs only)

Question 17

Define superficial

Answer 17

Near the surface

Question 18

Define deep (in relation to anatomical direction)

Answer 18

Farther away from the body surface

Question 19

What are the 2 primary body cavities?

Answer 19

Ventral and dorsal.

Question 20

What are the 2 main cavities that are in the ventral cavity?

Answer 20

Thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Question 21

What are the 2 cavities in the dorsal cavity?

Answer 21

Cranial and spinal

Question 22

What are the 3 cavities in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 22

Right pleural, left pleural and mediastinum

Question 23

What 2 cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 23

Abdominal and pelvic.

Question 24

What are the 2 main body region and what parts are in them?

Answer 24

Axial- contains the head, neck and trunk

Appendicular- arms and legs

Question 25

Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants.

Answer 25

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Right lower quadrant

Question 26

Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions

Answer 26

Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac
Hypogastric
Right iliac
Right lumbar
Umbilical

Question 27

Define lumen

Answer 27

Hollow part of an organ like the inside of an artery (often filled with fluid)

Question 28

Define central

Answer 28

Near the center or middle

Question 29

Define peripheral

Answer 29

Near the surface or outside of

Question 30

Define medullary

Answer 30

The inner region of an organ

Question 31

Define cortical

Answer 31

The outer region or layer of an organ

Question 32

Define basal

Answer 32

The base or part of an organ

Question 33

Define apical

Answer 33

The tip or narrowest part of an organ

Question 34

Define homeostasis

Answer 34

The relatively constant internal state maintained by the human body; the optimal state.
“homeo-“ the same or equal
“-stasis” standing still

Question 35

What are the 3 main components of all feedback loops

Answer 35

Sensor
Integrator
Effector

Question 36

What is a feedback loop?

Answer 36

It’s a complex system of communications, actions and feedback that the body performs in attempt to achieve homeostasis.

Question 37

Define and describe a negative feedback loop

Answer 37

The body opposes a change by creating a response in the opposite direction to stabilize.
The sensor directs a change & sends a signal to the integrator. The integrator sends a signal to the effector to balance the conditions in the body.

Question 38

Define and describe a positive feedback loop

Answer 38

The body’s attempt to achieve homeostasis by amplifying an action until the unfavorable condition is eliminated. The sensor indicates the need to rid itself of something and sends a message to the integrator, that sends a message to the effector. The sensor senses that the condition still exist, signals the integrator, that signals the effector to increase the action. This cycle will continue until the condition is eliminated.