Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards
Function of:
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nucleus- Directs cellular function & contains DNA.
Nucleolus- site of ribosome production inside the nucleus
Function of:
Ribosome
Mitochandria
1) Ribosomes- responsible for protein synthesis
2) Mitochandria- Powerhouse of cell (turns sugar into ATP (usable energy) via oxygen in a process called cellular respiration)
Function of:
Rough ER
Smooth ER
1) Rough ER- synthesizes proteins, covered with ribosomes.
2) Smooth ER- synthesizes fatty acids & steroids (also detoxifies drugs & harmful substances)
Function of:
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
1) Golgi Apparatus- packages & transport system for proteins. (transport to plasma membrane, lysosomes for digestion, or outside the cell via exocytosis)
2) Lysosomes- vesicle formed by golgi apparatus to digest unwanted material in cell
Function of:
Cytoskeleton
Cilia & Flagella
1) Cytoskeleton- gives cell it’s structure. Composed of 3 protein filaments (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, & microtubules)
2) Cilia & Flagella- cell surface projections responsible for movement of cell (cilia are hairlike structures that move fluids over cell’s surface & Flagella move entire cell like a sperm cell).
Chromosome vs. Chromatin
1) Chromosomes- condensed coiled paired chromatin fiber
2) Chromatin- single strand of nucleosomes that allows for DNA replication
Why is the nuclear membrane covered in nuclear pores?
Nuclear pores allow selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
How do ribosomes know what specific proteins to make?
First the genetic instructions are copied from DNA to an mRNA molecule. The ribosome then “reads” the sequence by matching each 3 letter “codon” with a protein molecule.
How is ATP used for cellular energy?
1) Delivers energy to places within the cell where needed
2) Nucleotide that powers cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule
What type of proteins typically pass through the Golgi Apparatus?
The Golgi processes proteins made by the ER.
Packages cell products into vesicles used for Exocytosis.
Products include digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, or waste products.
What are the 6 cell membrane proteins & their functions?
CTRCLA
1) Channel Proteins- Passive doorways (pores)
2) Transporter Proteins- Pumps that force things through
3) Receptor Proteins- (Doorbells) exterior switches that detect presence of something.
4) Cell Identity Marker- (ID Badge) recognizes self vs. non-self cells
5) Linkers- Attach cells to it’s neighbors (holds us together)
6) Act as Enzymes- Make changes to the molecules in surrounds (EX: cells on the linings of intestines have proteins to break down sugars)
What is semipermiable? What molecules can & cannot cross membrane?
Semipermiable membranes allow some molecules to flow in & out while everything else will require some type of energy or force.
* CARBON DIOXIDE, OXYGEN, & WATER CAN MOVE FREELY THROUGH CELL***
What are the 2 types of gradients?
1) Concentration Gradient- Difference in the # of MOLECULES per area.
2) Electrochemical Gradient- Difference in the # of IONS (aka electrical charge) inside & outside of the cell
What are the 2 types of Passive Transport?
1) Simple Diffusion (Osmosis)- cells uses water to move to area where high concentration of solute & builds of hydrostatic pressure to carry solute into cell. (totally free but no control)
2) Facilitated Diffusion (Glucose)- use channels/valves that open or close to allow passage. MUST GO WITH GRADIENT*
What are the 2 types of Active Transport?
What is the most prevalent pump?
1) Primary Active Transport- uses ATP (most prevalent primary active transport mechanism is Sodium Potassium Pump, requires 40% of cellular ATP)
2) Secondary Active Transport- uses ATP indirectly (one molecule pumps a different molecule another direction to use it’s secondary ATP to get into cell, EX: Water Wheel).
