Chapter 1: Anatomy & Homeostasis

Question 1

6 levels of structure organization (smallest to largest)

Answer 1

1) Chemical Level- Atoms
2)Molecule- DNA
3) Cellular
4) Tissue
5) System
6) Organism

Question 2

11 Body Systems

Answer 2

1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal- Ligaments
3) Muscular- Tendons
4) Nervous
5) Cardiovascular
6) Respiratory
7) Digestive
8) Urinary
9) Reproductive
10) Endocrine
11) Lymphatic

Question 3

Anatomical Position

Answer 3

Body erect
Face Forward
Palms Forward
Feet Together

Question 4

8 Directional Term Pairs

Answer 4

1) Superior & Inferior (only applies to head & trunk)
2) Anterior & Posterior
3) Medial & Lateral (vertical midline, EX: Pinky is medial to thumb)
4) Proximal & Distal (only applies to arms & legs, refers to relative place it connects to, EX: elbow prox to wrist, fingers distal to wrist)
5) Prone & Supine (face up, palm up, can carry a bowl of soup)
6) Deep & Superficial (only used on round & hollow structures, EX: Ribs or skull inside brain)
7) Visceral & Parietal (used for things on organs, EX: membranes are visceral & cavity is parietal)
8) Ipsilateral & Contralateral (same side as body such as left limbs or opposite sides of body such as left leg & right arm)

Question 5

3 Planes

Answer 5

1) Frontal/Coronal (most common, heart images)
2) Median/Midsagital (brain images)
3) Transverse (least used)

Question 6

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

What organ is in all but one region?

Answer 6

Right Hypochondriac (Liver & Gallbladder)
Right Lumbar
Right Iliac (Appendix)
Epigastric (Liver & Stomach)
Umbilical (Small Intestine)
Hypogastric (Bladder & Uterus)
Left Hypochondriac (Stomach)
Left Lumbar
Left Iliac
Large Intestine everywhere except Umbilical

Question 7

Reginal Names of Arm (Shoulder to Fingers)

Answer 7

Acromial- Shoulder
Scapular- Shoulder Blade
Axillary- Armpit
Brachial- Arm
Antecubital- Front of Elbow
Olecranal- Back of Elbow
Antebrachial- Forearm
Carpal- Wrist
Manual- Hand
Palmar- Palm
Digital or Phalange- Fingers

Question 8

Reginal Names of Body (center column)

Answer 8

Thoracic- Chest
Dorsal- Back
Sternal- Breastbone
Umbilical- Navel
Coxal- Hip
Loin- Lumbar
Sacral- Between Hips
Inguinal- Groin

Question 9

Reginal Names of Leg

Answer 9

Femoral- Thigh
Patellar- Front of Knee
Popliteal- Back of Knee
Front of Shin- Crural
Calf/Back of Shin- Sural
Dorsum-Top of Foot
Plantar- Sole of Foot
Tarsal- Ankle
Digital or Phalangeal- Toes

Question 10

3 Parts of Thoracic Cavity

Answer 10

1) Mediastinum- top, solid part of cavity (trachea, esophagus, etc. branches out into hollow spaces)
2) Pericardial Cavity- heart
3) Pleural Cavities- left & right lung

Question 11

Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 11

1) Pleura- Visceral Pleura on lung surface & Parietal Pleura lines chest wall & covers superior surface of diaphram.
2) Pericardium- Visceral Pericardium on heart surface & Parietal Pleura lines chest wall.
3) Peritoneum- serous membrane of abdominal cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall and inferior surface of diaphragm. NOT ALL ORGANS SURROUNDED BY PERITONEUM (some posterior to it such as kidneys & pancreas)

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment produced by the interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes.

Question 13

ECF

Answer 13

• Extracellular fluid is the dilute watery solution that surrounds cells.
• The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid.

Question 14

Homeostasis Loop

Answer 14

1) Stimulus (change)
2) Controlled Condition (EX: Temp)
3) Receptors (recognize change & send nerve impulses or chemical signals to control center)
3) Control Center (often part of nervous system, sends order to effectors)
4) Effectors- bring about change
5) Response- alters control condition