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Genetics > Chapter 3 Book > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Book Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that produces daughter cells

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2
Q

Daughter Cells

A

2 cell identical to parent cell

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3
Q

diploid number

A

homologous pair of choromsomes are in it

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4
Q

haploid #

A

n 1/2 of diploid #

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5
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cell (germ line cell)

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

division reduces # of chromosomes

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7
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine sex

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8
Q

chromosome theory of heredity

A

theory that chromosomes carry genes

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9
Q

Cell cycle

A

life cycle of cells

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10
Q

list in order the cell cycle

A

In interphase Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2 and then mitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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11
Q

Mitosis phase

A

Short segment of cell cycle where cells divide

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12
Q

interphase

A

longer period of cell cycle

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13
Q

What happens during G1

A

gene expression and cell activity

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14
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA Replication

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15
Q

What happens in G0 phase

A

gene expression but don’t go through cell cycle and most cells die

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16
Q

What happens during G2

A

Prep for cell division

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17
Q

Cell lineages

A

identical cells descended from founder cell

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18
Q

What are the 2 functions of cell division?

A
  1. equally divide chromosomal material
  2. partitioning of the cytoplasmic contents of parent cell into daughter cell
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19
Q

karyokinesis

A

part of telophase where nuclear division occurs

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20
Q

cytokensis

A

part of telophase where cytoplasmic division occurs

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21
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical DNA that are temporarily joined together

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22
Q

Prophase in mitosis

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaksdown, and chromosome centromeres and sister chromatids become visible

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23
Q

Centromere

A

specialized DNA sequence on each chromosome

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24
Q

Kinetochore

A

specialized protein complex that helps with chromosome movement.

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25
Q

centrosomes

A

pair of centrioles where microtubules form the spindle apparatus

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26
Q

Spindle fiber microtubules

A

polymers of tubulin protein subunits that elongate by addition of tubulin and shortened by removal of tubulin and come from centrosomes

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27
Q

What are the 3 kinds of spindle fibers

A

Kinetochore microtubules, nonkinetochore mircotubules, astral microtubules

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28
Q

aster

A

structure forming during cell division that contains microtubules from centrosomes

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29
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

in protein complex called kinetochore that assembles at the centromere of each chromatid and are responsibile for chromosome movement

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30
Q

Nonkinetochore microtubules

A

Extend to each other from the 2 polar centromsomes and overlap to help elongate and stabilize cell

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31
Q

astral microtubules

A

grow toward membrane of cell where they attach and contribute to cell stability

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32
Q

Metaphase in mitosis

A

kinetochore microtubules cause opposing forces to sister chromatids causing them to line up

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33
Q

metaphase plate

A

equator of cell where chromosomes line up

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34
Q

sister chromatid cohesion

A

protein cohesin localizes between sister chromatids and holds them together to resist pull of kinetochore microtubules

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35
Q

Anaphase in mitosis

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

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36
Q

Anaphase A in mitosis

A

separation of sister chromatids

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37
Q

Anaphase B in mitosis

A

elongation of cell into oblong shape

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38
Q

disjunction

A

separation of sister chromatids

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39
Q

Telophase in mitosis

A

nuclear membranes reassemble around chromosomes gathers at each pole and chromosome decondensation starts but is an elongated cell

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40
Q

cytokinesis

A

separation of cell

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41
Q

When are the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1, S, G2, and Metaphase

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42
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

43
Q

Interphase in meiosis

A

Same as mitosis

44
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate

45
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids separate

46
Q

What is the difference between female and male gametes

A

Female larger with oraganelles

47
Q

Prophase I in meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes pair

48
Q

substages of prophase I in Meiosis

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,diplotene, diakinesis

49
Q

leptotene in prophase I

A

Chromosome condensation begins with meiotic spindle is formed by microtubules from centrosomes

50
Q

Zygotene in prophase I

A

nuclear membrane breaks down and homologous chromosomes align

51
Q

synapsis

A

alignment of homologous chromosomes

52
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

protein bridge from synapsis which is a trilayer protein structure that maintains synapsis by binding nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

53
Q

nonsister chromatids

A

chromatids belonging to different members of homologous pair of chromosomes

54
Q

pachytene in prophase

A

sister chromatids visually distinguished with tetrads and crossing over occurs here

55
Q

recombination nodules

A

central element of synaptonemal complex that help with crossing over

56
Q

Crossing over

A

genetic material between nonsister chromatids switch

57
Q

what is the relationship between recombination nodules and crossover events

A

correlate closely

58
Q

diplotene in prophase I

A

synaptonemal complex dissolves revealing contact points between nonsister chromatids

59
Q

chiasmata

A

located along chromosomes where crossing over occured

60
Q

diakinesis

A

kinetochore microtubules move chromosomes toward metaphase plate where homologs align

61
Q

metaphase I in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes align

62
Q

anaphase I in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes separate

63
Q

telophase I in meiosis

A

nuclear membrane reforms

64
Q

Why is meiosis I so important

A

diploid becomes haploid

65
Q

pseodoautosomal regions

A

false autosomal segments on sex cell s to align X and Y

66
Q

What happens during meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

67
Q

who suggested meiosis connected with mendelian hereditary principles

A

walter sutton and theodor boveri

68
Q

What did thomas morgan do

A

looked at traits of drosophila melanogaste

69
Q

Wild type

A

most common phenotype in population

70
Q

who found differences in chromosomes between males and females

A

Nettie Stevens

71
Q

Sex linked inheritance

A

genes on sex chromosomes

72
Q

X linked inheritance

A

inheritance of genes on x chromosome

73
Q

What can reciprocal cross show

A

whether trait is sex linked or autosomal

74
Q

Hemizygous which causes what

A

1 x chromosome for males which causes trait to be determine recessive or dominant from that 1 x allele

75
Q

Calvin Bridges did what

A

validated the chromosome theory of heredity by doing recipocal cross which 1 in every 2000 flies had exceptional phenotype

76
Q

how was exception flies explained from bridge’s experiment

A

exceptional females had extra X Chromosome and exceptional males had 1 X chromosome but no Y which was caused by nondisjuction

77
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failed chromosome separation

78
Q

Sex determination

A

genetic and biological processes that produce male and female characteristics

79
Q

what is the sex of most animals identified by

A

chromosomal sex and phenotypic sex

80
Q

chromosomal sex

A

presence of sex chromosome associated with male and female

81
Q

phenotypic sex

A

internal and external morphology found in each sex

82
Q

How is the sex of a fly determined

A

the number of chromosomes determines sex to autosomal

83
Q

What makes a male fly?

A

XY, XYY, XO 1X:2A ratio

84
Q

what makes a female fly?

A

XX and XXY 2X:2A ratio are females

85
Q

X/A ratio

A

ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes pairs

86
Q

What makes a mammal female or male

A

Whether of not Y chromosome is there

87
Q

What gene is important on Y for mammal to be male.

A

TDF (testis-determining factor)

88
Q

What does SRY do?

A

develops male sex phenotype

89
Q

What are the 2 sets of tissues that are associated with gonadal tissue which makes what sex?

A

Wolffian ducts make male
mullerian ducts make fermale

90
Q

Z/W system and what does this do for Z linked genes

A

ZZ are male and ZW are female they are reciprocal crosses produce different results that X link would

91
Q

X linked recessive and how does trait show

A

pattern of inheritance consistant with transmission of a recessive allele on X chromosome
females 2 recessive alleles while males need 1

92
Q

X linked dominant and how does this trait show

A

inheritance hereditary pattern dominant allele of a gene on x chromosome
females and males only need 1 alleles

93
Q

Y genes pass how

A

father to son only

94
Q

What makes x linked different from autosomal?

A

recessive and dominant tranmission really only for female
probability of transmission of x linked alleles is not the same for the 2 sexs
males only get on X

95
Q

How can recessive X linked traits be transmitted

A

males with recessive allele or females that are homozygous recessive

96
Q

What are some X linked recessive disorders

A

Color blindness, Hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome

97
Q

how can X linked dominant traits show

A

heterozygous or homozygous dominant female
male with dominant trait

98
Q

How doe fruit flys deal with extra X?

A

X linked genes in males is doubled relative to female X linked expression

99
Q

How does roundworm deal with extra X?

A

Each X in females is decreased to one-half gene expression that male produces

100
Q

How do Marsupials deal with extra X

A

paternal X is inactivated

101
Q

How does Placental mammals deal with extra X

A

chromosome randomly inactivated

102
Q

Lyon hypothesis

A

proposed by Mary Lyon states 1 of 2 X is randomly inactivated

103
Q

Barr Body

A

inactive X

Genetics (15 decks)

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