Chapter 3 Book Flashcards
1
Q
Mitosis
A
Cell division that produces daughter cells
2
Q
Daughter Cells
A
2 cell identical to parent cell
3
Q
diploid number
A
homologous pair of choromsomes are in it
4
Q
haploid #
A
n 1/2 of diploid #
5
Q
Gametes
A
reproductive cell (germ line cell)
6
Q
Meiosis
A
division reduces # of chromosomes
7
Q
sex chromosomes
A
chromosomes that determine sex
8
Q
chromosome theory of heredity
A
theory that chromosomes carry genes
9
Q
Cell cycle
A
life cycle of cells
10
Q
list in order the cell cycle
A
In interphase Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2 and then mitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
11
Q
Mitosis phase
A
Short segment of cell cycle where cells divide
12
Q
interphase
A
longer period of cell cycle
13
Q
What happens during G1
A
gene expression and cell activity
14
Q
What happens in S phase
A
DNA Replication
15
Q
What happens in G0 phase
A
gene expression but don’t go through cell cycle and most cells die
16
Q
What happens during G2
A
Prep for cell division
17
Q
Cell lineages
A
identical cells descended from founder cell
18
Q
What are the 2 functions of cell division?
A
- equally divide chromosomal material
- partitioning of the cytoplasmic contents of parent cell into daughter cell
19
Q
karyokinesis
A
part of telophase where nuclear division occurs
20
Q
cytokensis
A
part of telophase where cytoplasmic division occurs
21
Q
Sister chromatids
A
identical DNA that are temporarily joined together
22
Q
Prophase in mitosis
A
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaksdown, and chromosome centromeres and sister chromatids become visible
23
Q
Centromere
A
specialized DNA sequence on each chromosome
24
Q
Kinetochore
A
specialized protein complex that helps with chromosome movement.
25
centrosomes
pair of centrioles where microtubules form the spindle apparatus
26
Spindle fiber microtubules
polymers of tubulin protein subunits that elongate by addition of tubulin and shortened by removal of tubulin and come from centrosomes
27
What are the 3 kinds of spindle fibers
Kinetochore microtubules, nonkinetochore mircotubules, astral microtubules
28
aster
structure forming during cell division that contains microtubules from centrosomes
29
Kinetochore microtubules
in protein complex called kinetochore that assembles at the centromere of each chromatid and are responsibile for chromosome movement
30
Nonkinetochore microtubules
Extend to each other from the 2 polar centromsomes and overlap to help elongate and stabilize cell
31
astral microtubules
grow toward membrane of cell where they attach and contribute to cell stability
32
Metaphase in mitosis
kinetochore microtubules cause opposing forces to sister chromatids causing them to line up
33
metaphase plate
equator of cell where chromosomes line up
34
sister chromatid cohesion
protein cohesin localizes between sister chromatids and holds them together to resist pull of kinetochore microtubules
35
Anaphase in mitosis
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
36
Anaphase A in mitosis
separation of sister chromatids
37
Anaphase B in mitosis
elongation of cell into oblong shape
38
disjunction
separation of sister chromatids
39
Telophase in mitosis
nuclear membranes reassemble around chromosomes gathers at each pole and chromosome decondensation starts but is an elongated cell
40
cytokinesis
separation of cell
41
When are the cell cycle checkpoints
G1, S, G2, and Metaphase
42
What does meiosis produce
haploid gametes
43
Interphase in meiosis
Same as mitosis
44
Meiosis I
homologous chromosomes separate
45
Meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate
46
What is the difference between female and male gametes
Female larger with oraganelles
47
Prophase I in meiosis
Homologous chromosomes pair
48
substages of prophase I in Meiosis
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,diplotene, diakinesis
49
leptotene in prophase I
Chromosome condensation begins with meiotic spindle is formed by microtubules from centrosomes
50
Zygotene in prophase I
nuclear membrane breaks down and homologous chromosomes align
51
synapsis
alignment of homologous chromosomes
52
synaptonemal complex
protein bridge from synapsis which is a trilayer protein structure that maintains synapsis by binding nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
53
nonsister chromatids
chromatids belonging to different members of homologous pair of chromosomes
54
pachytene in prophase
sister chromatids visually distinguished with tetrads and crossing over occurs here
55
recombination nodules
central element of synaptonemal complex that help with crossing over
56
Crossing over
genetic material between nonsister chromatids switch
57
what is the relationship between recombination nodules and crossover events
correlate closely
58
diplotene in prophase I
synaptonemal complex dissolves revealing contact points between nonsister chromatids
59
chiasmata
located along chromosomes where crossing over occured
60
diakinesis
kinetochore microtubules move chromosomes toward metaphase plate where homologs align
61
metaphase I in meiosis
homologous chromosomes align
62
anaphase I in meiosis
homologous chromosomes separate
63
telophase I in meiosis
nuclear membrane reforms
64
Why is meiosis I so important
diploid becomes haploid
65
pseodoautosomal regions
false autosomal segments on sex cell s to align X and Y
66
What happens during meiosis II
sister chromatids separate
67
who suggested meiosis connected with mendelian hereditary principles
walter sutton and theodor boveri
68
What did thomas morgan do
looked at traits of drosophila melanogaste
69
Wild type
most common phenotype in population
70
who found differences in chromosomes between males and females
Nettie Stevens
71
Sex linked inheritance
genes on sex chromosomes
72
X linked inheritance
inheritance of genes on x chromosome
73
What can reciprocal cross show
whether trait is sex linked or autosomal
74
Hemizygous which causes what
1 x chromosome for males which causes trait to be determine recessive or dominant from that 1 x allele
75
Calvin Bridges did what
validated the chromosome theory of heredity by doing recipocal cross which 1 in every 2000 flies had exceptional phenotype
76
how was exception flies explained from bridge's experiment
exceptional females had extra X Chromosome and exceptional males had 1 X chromosome but no Y which was caused by nondisjuction
77
Nondisjunction
failed chromosome separation
78
Sex determination
genetic and biological processes that produce male and female characteristics
79
what is the sex of most animals identified by
chromosomal sex and phenotypic sex
80
chromosomal sex
presence of sex chromosome associated with male and female
81
phenotypic sex
internal and external morphology found in each sex
82
How is the sex of a fly determined
the number of chromosomes determines sex to autosomal
83
What makes a male fly?
XY, XYY, XO 1X:2A ratio
84
what makes a female fly?
XX and XXY 2X:2A ratio are females
85
X/A ratio
ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes pairs
86
What makes a mammal female or male
Whether of not Y chromosome is there
87
What gene is important on Y for mammal to be male.
TDF (testis-determining factor)
88
What does SRY do?
develops male sex phenotype
89
What are the 2 sets of tissues that are associated with gonadal tissue which makes what sex?
Wolffian ducts make male
mullerian ducts make fermale
90
Z/W system and what does this do for Z linked genes
ZZ are male and ZW are female they are reciprocal crosses produce different results that X link would
91
X linked recessive and how does trait show
pattern of inheritance consistant with transmission of a recessive allele on X chromosome
females 2 recessive alleles while males need 1
92
X linked dominant and how does this trait show
inheritance hereditary pattern dominant allele of a gene on x chromosome
females and males only need 1 alleles
93
Y genes pass how
father to son only
94
What makes x linked different from autosomal?
recessive and dominant tranmission really only for female
probability of transmission of x linked alleles is not the same for the 2 sexs
males only get on X
95
How can recessive X linked traits be transmitted
males with recessive allele or females that are homozygous recessive
96
What are some X linked recessive disorders
Color blindness, Hemophilia, Fragile X syndrome
97
how can X linked dominant traits show
heterozygous or homozygous dominant female
male with dominant trait
98
How doe fruit flys deal with extra X?
X linked genes in males is doubled relative to female X linked expression
99
How does roundworm deal with extra X?
Each X in females is decreased to one-half gene expression that male produces
100
How do Marsupials deal with extra X
paternal X is inactivated
101
How does Placental mammals deal with extra X
chromosome randomly inactivated
102
Lyon hypothesis
proposed by Mary Lyon states 1 of 2 X is randomly inactivated
103
Barr Body
inactive X
