Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
DNA
A
Carrier of genetic Info
2
Q
A long time ago how were desirable traits produced?
A
Through Selective Mating
3
Q
In 1590s Hans and Zacharias Jansen created what?
A
Compound Microscope
4
Q
1665 Robert Hooke
A
described cells from a cork
5
Q
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
A
father of microbiology and described bacteria
6
Q
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
A
described cells of plants and animals and proposed cell theory that states all life is composed of cells and cells are basic building blocks of organisms
7
Q
Rudolph Virchow
A
expanded cell theory by stating every cell stems from another cell
8
Q
Robert Brown
A
1st description of nucleus of a cell
9
Q
August Weismann
A
proposed germ plasm theory where reproductive organs carry full sets of genetic information and the sperm and egg that are produced carry genetic information brought together by fertilization
10
Q
Edmund Beecher Wilson
A
DNA was hereditary molecule and component of chromosome
11
Q
Archibald Garrod
A
identified first human hereditary condition an autosomal recessive disorder called alkaptonuria
12
Q
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich van Tschermak
A
reported results similar to Gregor Mendel
13
Q
William Bateson
A
read archibald Garrod publication helped Garrod produce first documented example of human hereditary disorder
14
Q
Genes
A
Physical units of heredity composed of DNA
15
Q
Chromosome
A
long molecules of DNA
16
Q
Homologous pairs
A
Chromosomes of sexually reproducing organisms
17
Q
What shape of chromosome doe bacteria and archaea have and what does this cause
A
Single circular chromosome makes them haploid
18
Q
Haploid
A
1 copy of each gene
19
Q
Nucleoid
A
region where chromosome are in bacteria and archea
20
Q
What type of chromosomes do eukaryotes have including sex cells
A
haploid and diploid, sex cells are haploid
21
Q
polyploidy
A
more than 2 chromosomes
22
Q
what organelles have genetic material and what do they use it for?
A
Mitochondria and Chloroplast which used it to produce proteins that work with nucleus produced proteins to perform important functions
23
Q
Cytoplasmic inheritance
A
random distribution of mitochondria and chloroplast in daughter cell
24
Q
Mitosis
A
Complete set of nuclear chromosomes transmitted during cell division process
25
Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction to produce offspring occurs by cell divison process
26
Gametes
Sex cells sperm and egg which are haploid
27
phenotype
observable traits
28
genotype
genetic constitution of an organism
29
alleles
variation of gene by differences in DNA sequence
30
Walter Fleming, Theodor Boveri, and Walter Sutton
describes chromosome separation during cell division which mirrored transmission of newly rediscovered Mendelian hereditary unit
31
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty
identified DNA as hereditary material
32
What happenend in the 1960s
Basic mechanisms of DNA transcription and messenger RNA translations were laid out and genetic code by mRNA is translated into proteins
33
genomes
complete sets of DNA sequences including genes and regions controlling genes
34
What is the Genomics Era
Study and comparison of genomes like genome sequencing like the human genome project
35
What does all life share?
Common Ancestor
36
What are the 3 domains and who discovered them?
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea discovered by Carl Woese
37
What will closely related organisms have?
similar rRNA
38
Viruses
noncellular and invade cells to reproduce
39
Deoxyribonucleic acid
hereditary molecule of organism composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides
40
Ribonucleic acid
composed of nucleotides containing a sugar ribose, 1 or more phosphate atoms, and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
41
DNA double helix
2 strands joined together with biochemistry rules
42
What process of reproducing DNA prior to cell division called
DNA replication
43
transcription
1 strand of DNA is used to direct the syntheses of RNA
44
Translation
Produces proteins at ribosomes
45
Transmission genetics (mendelian)
study of transmission of traits
46
Evolutionary Genetics
study origins of relationships of organisms and examines evolution of genes
47
Molecular genetics
study inheritance and variations in DNA, RNA, proteins, and genomes
48
Watson and Crick
discovered DNA as a double helix composed of 2 strands of DNA where nucleotides are adenine, thymine, guamine, and cytosine
49
What sources did Watson and Crick use to and explain them
-Rosalind Franklin used as x ray diffraction to examine crystal structure of DNA
-Erwin Chargaff determined percent of the 4 bases
50
Chargaff rule
Adenine and Thymine are equal and Guanine and Cytosine are equal
51
Complemantary Base Pairs
Adenine pairs only with thymine and cytosine pairs only with guanine
52
DNA nucleotides
5 carbon deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen nucleotide bases
53
phosphodiester bond
bond between 5' phosphate group and 3' hydroxyl group of 2 adjacent nucleotides
54
Hydrogen bonds and how many for bases
noncovalent bonds consist of weak electrostatic attraction form between complementary bases
A&T= 2
G&C=3
55
Strand Polarity
Orientation of strand
56
antiparallel
complementary strands run opposite
57
Determine the sequence and polarity of DNA strand complementary to the following strand: 3'-...ACGGATCCTCCCTAGTGCGTAATACG...-5'
5'-...TGCCTAGGAGGGATCACGCATTATGC...-3'
58
Semiconservative replication
the mechanism by which DNA replicates, 2 strands separate, and each strand acts as a template to make a new one and finished product is 1 daughter strand with 1 parent strand
59
Parental
original DNA
60
daughter
new synthesized DNA
61
How does DNA replication occur?
1. Hydrogen Bonds break
2. DNA polymerases use parental DNA as a template to create a daughter strand
-DNA polymerases only go in 5' to 3' direction so the leading strand is built continuously but the lagging strand starts with RNA then clamp grabs RNA which is attached to polymerases that adds DNA then is released which a different DNA polymerases exchanges RNA with DNA and DNA ligase connect DNA together
3. Polymerases catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bond
62
Central Dogma of Biology
A statement describing flow of hereditary info
DNA--->RNA--->Protein
63
Ribosomal RNA
part of ribosomes which is where protein assembly occurs
64
Transfer RNA
Carries amino acids to ribosomes
65
Reverse Transcription
Form of info flow which enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA that comes from retroviruses
66
Micro RNA
Small RNA molecules in the regulation of gene expression
67
Template Strand
DNA that is transcripted
68
How does transcription occur
RNA polymerase pairs complementary RNA with DNA from 5' to 3'
69
What does RNA use instead of Thymine
Uracil
70
Coding Strand
Complementary partner of DNA that is not used as Template Strand which is identical to RNA
71
Promoters
Control DNA transcription and direct RNA polymerase and are not transcribed
72
Where is the start of transcription?
Near the promoter
73
Terminal Sequence
DNA sequence where transcription ends
74
What do eukaryotes have in DNA that Bacteria and Archea dont have?
exon and introns
75
Exons
coding info for translation
76
Introns
Intervene between exons that are removed before translation
77
Peptide bond
amino acid covalent bond
78
polypeptide
string of amino acids
79
protein
string of amino acids encoded and linked together by peptide bonds
80
Codon
What specifies an amino acid
81
Start Codon
Codon specifying 1st amino acid
AUG
82
AntiCodon
Nucleotide triplet of tRNA
83
Stop codon
brings translation to halt
84
Genetic Code
mRNA codon specifies amino acids
85
Gel Electrophoreosis
Seprating different protein of nucleic acid molecules or fragments from each other using eletric field
86
agarose
gel from noninteracting form of cellulose
87
polyacrylamide
gel of sythethic material
88
how does gel elctrophorsis work?
1. Gel is poured into a casting tray with a comb
2.Gel soldifys
3. remove comb to create wells
4. remove gel from cast and place in buffered solution w/ electrodes
5. samples migrate to + charge (on other side from wells) due to DNA, RNA, and proteins being - charged
89
Origin of migration
well for sample and starting point for migration
90
electrophoretic mobility
final position of particals in electrophoretic gel
91
Ethidium Bromide
Chem tag to see all molecules present by binding to backbone
92
Southern blotting
perment record of gel from edwin southern
93
Northern blotting
identifies transfer of mRNA to membrane
94
Western blotting
transfer proteins to membrane
95
molecular probes
traceable molecules bind to specific target proteins or nucleuic acids
96
hybridization
locate specific thing in gel molecular probe will be single stranded and binds to complementary base pairing
97
Genomics
field of sequencing, interpretation, and comparison of genomes
98
How is genomes sequenced today
accomplised by automated high throughput methods
99
megabases
genome sizes 1mb= 1 million base pairs
100
proteomic
study of proteome where they examine function of proteins, localization, regulation, and interactions
101
proteome
set of proteins encoded in genomes
102
transcriptomics
study of transciptome and compares cell types, characteristic changes in gene transcription, and biological changes
103
Transcriptome
complete set of genes that undergo transcription in cell
104
Metabolomic
study of chemical processes involing metabolites which are metabolic processes and outcomes of specific cells, tissues, organs, and organisms
105
System biology
comprehensive system oriented approach to understand bio complexity
106
What leads to new species?
DNA diveraging
107
Evolution
changes of life and all organisms come from 1 common ancestor
108
darwins principles of population and how they are impacted by genetics
1. Variation exist among individuals due to expression of traits which come from genetic variation
2. hereditary transmission allows variation in traits to be passed on so offspring inherit parents alleles
3. certain variants have high survival and reproduction because favored alleles survive
109
Natural selection
favor trait and best adapted will survive and reproduce so the allele will increase
110
Migration
movement of organisms from 1 pop to another transfering alleles to new pop
111
mutation
inherited variation provides genetic diversity
112
genetic drift
change in allele frequency due to random mating
113
4 evolutionary processes
1. Natural Selection
2. Migration
3.Mutation
4. Genetic Drift
114
Modern synthesis of evolution
merging of evolution theory with biology
115
phylogenetic tree
branching diagram describes ancestor
116
Cladistic
depicts evolutionary relationships by sorting species into clades
117
Clades
monophyletics: shared derived characteristics
118
homology
precesence of trait or sequence in common ancestor
119
what does convergent evolution cause
unrelated organisms to have similar traits
120
homoplasmy
similar looking traits
121
outgroup
related to but not in clade
122
ingroup
in clade
123
What does constructing phylogenetic trees using proteins or nucleic acids do?
uncovers traditionally put together groups may not really be grouped together
