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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Carrier of genetic Info

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2
Q

A long time ago how were desirable traits produced?

A

Through Selective Mating

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3
Q

In 1590s Hans and Zacharias Jansen created what?

A

Compound Microscope

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4
Q

1665 Robert Hooke

A

described cells from a cork

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5
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

father of microbiology and described bacteria

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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A

described cells of plants and animals and proposed cell theory that states all life is composed of cells and cells are basic building blocks of organisms

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7
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

expanded cell theory by stating every cell stems from another cell

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8
Q

Robert Brown

A

1st description of nucleus of a cell

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9
Q

August Weismann

A

proposed germ plasm theory where reproductive organs carry full sets of genetic information and the sperm and egg that are produced carry genetic information brought together by fertilization

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10
Q

Edmund Beecher Wilson

A

DNA was hereditary molecule and component of chromosome

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11
Q

Archibald Garrod

A

identified first human hereditary condition an autosomal recessive disorder called alkaptonuria

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12
Q

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich van Tschermak

A

reported results similar to Gregor Mendel

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13
Q

William Bateson

A

read archibald Garrod publication helped Garrod produce first documented example of human hereditary disorder

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14
Q

Genes

A

Physical units of heredity composed of DNA

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

long molecules of DNA

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16
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Chromosomes of sexually reproducing organisms

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17
Q

What shape of chromosome doe bacteria and archaea have and what does this cause

A

Single circular chromosome makes them haploid

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18
Q

Haploid

A

1 copy of each gene

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19
Q

Nucleoid

A

region where chromosome are in bacteria and archea

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20
Q

What type of chromosomes do eukaryotes have including sex cells

A

haploid and diploid, sex cells are haploid

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21
Q

polyploidy

A

more than 2 chromosomes

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22
Q

what organelles have genetic material and what do they use it for?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast which used it to produce proteins that work with nucleus produced proteins to perform important functions

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23
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A

random distribution of mitochondria and chloroplast in daughter cell

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24
Q

Mitosis

A

Complete set of nuclear chromosomes transmitted during cell division process

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25
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual Reproduction to produce offspring occurs by cell divison process

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26
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells sperm and egg which are haploid

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27
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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28
Q

genotype

A

genetic constitution of an organism

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29
Q

alleles

A

variation of gene by differences in DNA sequence

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30
Q

Walter Fleming, Theodor Boveri, and Walter Sutton

A

describes chromosome separation during cell division which mirrored transmission of newly rediscovered Mendelian hereditary unit

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31
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty

A

identified DNA as hereditary material

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32
Q

What happenend in the 1960s

A

Basic mechanisms of DNA transcription and messenger RNA translations were laid out and genetic code by mRNA is translated into proteins

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33
Q

genomes

A

complete sets of DNA sequences including genes and regions controlling genes

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34
Q

What is the Genomics Era

A

Study and comparison of genomes like genome sequencing like the human genome project

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35
Q

What does all life share?

A

Common Ancestor

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36
Q

What are the 3 domains and who discovered them?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea discovered by Carl Woese

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37
Q

What will closely related organisms have?

A

similar rRNA

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38
Q

Viruses

A

noncellular and invade cells to reproduce

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39
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

hereditary molecule of organism composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides

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40
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

composed of nucleotides containing a sugar ribose, 1 or more phosphate atoms, and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

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41
Q

DNA double helix

A

2 strands joined together with biochemistry rules

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42
Q

What process of reproducing DNA prior to cell division called

A

DNA replication

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43
Q

transcription

A

1 strand of DNA is used to direct the syntheses of RNA

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44
Q

Translation

A

Produces proteins at ribosomes

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45
Q

Transmission genetics (mendelian)

A

study of transmission of traits

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46
Q

Evolutionary Genetics

A

study origins of relationships of organisms and examines evolution of genes

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47
Q

Molecular genetics

A

study inheritance and variations in DNA, RNA, proteins, and genomes

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48
Q

Watson and Crick

A

discovered DNA as a double helix composed of 2 strands of DNA where nucleotides are adenine, thymine, guamine, and cytosine

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49
Q

What sources did Watson and Crick use to and explain them

A

-Rosalind Franklin used as x ray diffraction to examine crystal structure of DNA
-Erwin Chargaff determined percent of the 4 bases

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50
Q

Chargaff rule

A

Adenine and Thymine are equal and Guanine and Cytosine are equal

51
Q

Complemantary Base Pairs

A

Adenine pairs only with thymine and cytosine pairs only with guanine

52
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

5 carbon deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen nucleotide bases

53
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bond between 5’ phosphate group and 3’ hydroxyl group of 2 adjacent nucleotides

54
Q

Hydrogen bonds and how many for bases

A

noncovalent bonds consist of weak electrostatic attraction form between complementary bases
A&T= 2
G&C=3

55
Q

Strand Polarity

A

Orientation of strand

56
Q

antiparallel

A

complementary strands run opposite

57
Q

Determine the sequence and polarity of DNA strand complementary to the following strand: 3’-…ACGGATCCTCCCTAGTGCGTAATACG…-5’

A

5’-…TGCCTAGGAGGGATCACGCATTATGC…-3’

58
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

the mechanism by which DNA replicates, 2 strands separate, and each strand acts as a template to make a new one and finished product is 1 daughter strand with 1 parent strand

59
Q

Parental

A

original DNA

60
Q

daughter

A

new synthesized DNA

61
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonds break
  2. DNA polymerases use parental DNA as a template to create a daughter strand
    -DNA polymerases only go in 5’ to 3’ direction so the leading strand is built continuously but the lagging strand starts with RNA then clamp grabs RNA which is attached to polymerases that adds DNA then is released which a different DNA polymerases exchanges RNA with DNA and DNA ligase connect DNA together
  3. Polymerases catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bond
62
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

A statement describing flow of hereditary info
DNA—>RNA—>Protein

63
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

part of ribosomes which is where protein assembly occurs

64
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

65
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

Form of info flow which enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA that comes from retroviruses

66
Q

Micro RNA

A

Small RNA molecules in the regulation of gene expression

67
Q

Template Strand

A

DNA that is transcripted

68
Q

How does transcription occur

A

RNA polymerase pairs complementary RNA with DNA from 5’ to 3’

69
Q

What does RNA use instead of Thymine

70
Q

Coding Strand

A

Complementary partner of DNA that is not used as Template Strand which is identical to RNA

71
Q

Promoters

A

Control DNA transcription and direct RNA polymerase and are not transcribed

72
Q

Where is the start of transcription?

A

Near the promoter

73
Q

Terminal Sequence

A

DNA sequence where transcription ends

74
Q

What do eukaryotes have in DNA that Bacteria and Archea dont have?

A

exon and introns

75
Q

Exons

A

coding info for translation

76
Q

Introns

A

Intervene between exons that are removed before translation

77
Q

Peptide bond

A

amino acid covalent bond

78
Q

polypeptide

A

string of amino acids

79
Q

protein

A

string of amino acids encoded and linked together by peptide bonds

80
Q

Codon

A

What specifies an amino acid

81
Q

Start Codon

A

Codon specifying 1st amino acid
AUG

82
Q

AntiCodon

A

Nucleotide triplet of tRNA

83
Q

Stop codon

A

brings translation to halt

84
Q

Genetic Code

A

mRNA codon specifies amino acids

85
Q

Gel Electrophoreosis

A

Seprating different protein of nucleic acid molecules or fragments from each other using eletric field

86
Q

agarose

A

gel from noninteracting form of cellulose

87
Q

polyacrylamide

A

gel of sythethic material

88
Q

how does gel elctrophorsis work?

A
  1. Gel is poured into a casting tray with a comb
    2.Gel soldifys
  2. remove comb to create wells
  3. remove gel from cast and place in buffered solution w/ electrodes
  4. samples migrate to + charge (on other side from wells) due to DNA, RNA, and proteins being - charged
89
Q

Origin of migration

A

well for sample and starting point for migration

90
Q

electrophoretic mobility

A

final position of particals in electrophoretic gel

91
Q

Ethidium Bromide

A

Chem tag to see all molecules present by binding to backbone

92
Q

Southern blotting

A

perment record of gel from edwin southern

93
Q

Northern blotting

A

identifies transfer of mRNA to membrane

94
Q

Western blotting

A

transfer proteins to membrane

95
Q

molecular probes

A

traceable molecules bind to specific target proteins or nucleuic acids

96
Q

hybridization

A

locate specific thing in gel molecular probe will be single stranded and binds to complementary base pairing

97
Q

Genomics

A

field of sequencing, interpretation, and comparison of genomes

98
Q

How is genomes sequenced today

A

accomplised by automated high throughput methods

99
Q

megabases

A

genome sizes 1mb= 1 million base pairs

100
Q

proteomic

A

study of proteome where they examine function of proteins, localization, regulation, and interactions

101
Q

proteome

A

set of proteins encoded in genomes

102
Q

transcriptomics

A

study of transciptome and compares cell types, characteristic changes in gene transcription, and biological changes

103
Q

Transcriptome

A

complete set of genes that undergo transcription in cell

104
Q

Metabolomic

A

study of chemical processes involing metabolites which are metabolic processes and outcomes of specific cells, tissues, organs, and organisms

105
Q

System biology

A

comprehensive system oriented approach to understand bio complexity

106
Q

What leads to new species?

A

DNA diveraging

107
Q

Evolution

A

changes of life and all organisms come from 1 common ancestor

108
Q

darwins principles of population and how they are impacted by genetics

A
  1. Variation exist among individuals due to expression of traits which come from genetic variation
  2. hereditary transmission allows variation in traits to be passed on so offspring inherit parents alleles
  3. certain variants have high survival and reproduction because favored alleles survive
109
Q

Natural selection

A

favor trait and best adapted will survive and reproduce so the allele will increase

110
Q

Migration

A

movement of organisms from 1 pop to another transfering alleles to new pop

111
Q

mutation

A

inherited variation provides genetic diversity

112
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to random mating

113
Q

4 evolutionary processes

A
  1. Natural Selection
  2. Migration
    3.Mutation
  3. Genetic Drift
114
Q

Modern synthesis of evolution

A

merging of evolution theory with biology

115
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram describes ancestor

116
Q

Cladistic

A

depicts evolutionary relationships by sorting species into clades

117
Q

Clades

A

monophyletics: shared derived characteristics

118
Q

homology

A

precesence of trait or sequence in common ancestor

119
Q

what does convergent evolution cause

A

unrelated organisms to have similar traits

120
Q

homoplasmy

A

similar looking traits

121
Q

outgroup

A

related to but not in clade

122
Q

ingroup

123
Q

What does constructing phylogenetic trees using proteins or nucleic acids do?

A

uncovers traditionally put together groups may not really be grouped together

Genetics (15 decks)

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