Chapter 1 Flashcards
DNA
Carrier of genetic Info
A long time ago how were desirable traits produced?
Through Selective Mating
In 1590s Hans and Zacharias Jansen created what?
Compound Microscope
1665 Robert Hooke
described cells from a cork
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
father of microbiology and described bacteria
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
described cells of plants and animals and proposed cell theory that states all life is composed of cells and cells are basic building blocks of organisms
Rudolph Virchow
expanded cell theory by stating every cell stems from another cell
Robert Brown
1st description of nucleus of a cell
August Weismann
proposed germ plasm theory where reproductive organs carry full sets of genetic information and the sperm and egg that are produced carry genetic information brought together by fertilization
Edmund Beecher Wilson
DNA was hereditary molecule and component of chromosome
Archibald Garrod
identified first human hereditary condition an autosomal recessive disorder called alkaptonuria
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich van Tschermak
reported results similar to Gregor Mendel
William Bateson
read archibald Garrod publication helped Garrod produce first documented example of human hereditary disorder
Genes
Physical units of heredity composed of DNA
Chromosome
long molecules of DNA
Homologous pairs
Chromosomes of sexually reproducing organisms
What shape of chromosome doe bacteria and archaea have and what does this cause
Single circular chromosome makes them haploid
Haploid
1 copy of each gene
Nucleoid
region where chromosome are in bacteria and archea
What type of chromosomes do eukaryotes have including sex cells
haploid and diploid, sex cells are haploid
polyploidy
more than 2 chromosomes
what organelles have genetic material and what do they use it for?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast which used it to produce proteins that work with nucleus produced proteins to perform important functions
Cytoplasmic inheritance
random distribution of mitochondria and chloroplast in daughter cell
Mitosis
Complete set of nuclear chromosomes transmitted during cell division process
Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction to produce offspring occurs by cell divison process
Gametes
Sex cells sperm and egg which are haploid
phenotype
observable traits
genotype
genetic constitution of an organism
alleles
variation of gene by differences in DNA sequence
Walter Fleming, Theodor Boveri, and Walter Sutton
describes chromosome separation during cell division which mirrored transmission of newly rediscovered Mendelian hereditary unit
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty
identified DNA as hereditary material
What happenend in the 1960s
Basic mechanisms of DNA transcription and messenger RNA translations were laid out and genetic code by mRNA is translated into proteins
genomes
complete sets of DNA sequences including genes and regions controlling genes
What is the Genomics Era
Study and comparison of genomes like genome sequencing like the human genome project
What does all life share?
Common Ancestor
What are the 3 domains and who discovered them?
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea discovered by Carl Woese
What will closely related organisms have?
similar rRNA
Viruses
noncellular and invade cells to reproduce
Deoxyribonucleic acid
hereditary molecule of organism composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides
Ribonucleic acid
composed of nucleotides containing a sugar ribose, 1 or more phosphate atoms, and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
DNA double helix
2 strands joined together with biochemistry rules
What process of reproducing DNA prior to cell division called
DNA replication
transcription
1 strand of DNA is used to direct the syntheses of RNA
Translation
Produces proteins at ribosomes
Transmission genetics (mendelian)
study of transmission of traits
Evolutionary Genetics
study origins of relationships of organisms and examines evolution of genes
Molecular genetics
study inheritance and variations in DNA, RNA, proteins, and genomes
Watson and Crick
discovered DNA as a double helix composed of 2 strands of DNA where nucleotides are adenine, thymine, guamine, and cytosine
What sources did Watson and Crick use to and explain them
-Rosalind Franklin used as x ray diffraction to examine crystal structure of DNA
-Erwin Chargaff determined percent of the 4 bases