Chapter 2 Flashcards
Transmission genetics
investigating patterns of transmission of gene and traits from parent to offspring
Who helped mendel make his discovery?
Christian doppler’s doppler effect by studying individual characteristics
Unger’s critical thinking about plant reproduction theories
Self fertilization
reproduce on own
artificial cross fertilization
transfers pollen from 1 plant to other to fertilize
Blending theory of heredity
traits of progeny as mixture of characteristics passed by 2 parents
What were mendel’s experiment innovations
control cross of plants
use of pure breeding strains to begin experimental crosses
selection of dichotomous traits
quantification of results
use of replicate, reciprocal, and test crosses
Controlled genetic crosses
known genotypes or phenotypes before cross
pure breeding (true breed)
identical homozygous organisms have phenotype identical to parents
Parental generation
parents
first filial generation
offspring of P
F2
offspring of P1
Replicate cross
Produce F1 & F2 and produced cross several times
Reciprocal cross
Same phenotypes but sexes switched
Test cross
identify alleles not certain
Dominant phenotype
observed in heterozygous or homozygous alleles
Recessive phenotype
only homozygous alleles
Homozygous genotype
2 of same alleles for a gene
Heterozygous genotype
2 different alleles and created by pure breeding organisms with different traits
Particulate inheritance
each plant carries 2 particles of heredity
monohybrid cross
2 organism have same heterozygous genotype which create 3:1 phenotypic ratio
Phenotypic ratio
proportions of different phenotypes
Genotypic raito
proportions of different genotypes
punnett square
functional tool of genetic anaylsis made by reginal punnett
law of segregation (mendel’s 1st law)
identifies segregation of alleles during gamete formation and proposes random union of gametes produce predictable proportions
Test cross
cross organism with dominant phenotype with recessive to determine dominants genotype
dihybrid cross
cross between organism that differ in 2 traits
forkline diagram
diagramming probabilities of outcomes
law of independent assortment
gamete formation segration of alleles of1 gene is independent of segration of alleles of another gene
trihybrid cross
genetic cross that are heterozygous for 3 genes
product rule
2 or more events are independent what is likelyhood of them happening together is product of probabilites
sum rule
joint probability of any set of 2 or more outcomes when outcomes are muturally exclusive
prior probability
prediction of outcome before event
conditional propability
predicting dependent on prevouis event
binomial propability
2 coefficients whose sum=1 and products predict probability
chi square test
most common stat method used for comparing observed experimental outcomes with results predicted observed experimental outcomes with results predicted by hypothesis
x2=sum of (O-E)2/E
probability value
quantitive expression of probability results of another experiment same size and structure
