Chapter 2 lectures Flashcards
What were the traits Mendel tested in his pea plants and which one was dominant?
Coat color- grey dominant white recessive
Flower color- purple dominant white recessive (coat and flower color controlled by same gene)
Seed color-yellow dominant green recessive
Seed shape-smooth dominant wrinkled recessive
Pod color-green dominant yellow recessive
Pod shape- Inflated dominant constricted recessive
Flower position- axial dominant terminal recessive
Plant height- Tall dominant short recessive
true breeding
2 homozygous genotypes
If P1 is Dominant Homozygous and P2 is Recessive Homozygous describe what will happen in the F1 and F2 as well as phenotypic ratio
F1 all will be Heterozygous therefore will show dominant phenotype and in F2 3:1 phenotypic ratio
Rule of Segration
2 genetic factors seprate into seprate gamates explained by mitosis
Dominant gene
always determined
recessive gene
determined if both alleles are recessive
Genotype
make up of organism
Phenotype
what you can see
homozygous
same gene type
heterozygous
different gene types
hemizygous
2 different chromosome types
Test cross
used recessive homozygous to determine genotype of another organism
Codominance
more that 1 dominant allele
Diploid
2 chromosome sets
Sex cells transitioning back and forth from haploid and diploid explain
Meiosis is where alleles seperate into gametes causing gametes to be haploid then they find another gamete to make a diploid again
If mom has A blood and Dad has B blood how can child have O blood
Mom genotype Ao Dad genotype Bo
Wild type
dominant phenotype
Mutant
recessive phenotype
Penetration
Same genotype, but may not show phenotype due to pentratice only shown in individulas.
expressivity
gene expressed at different levels
2n
diploid
n
haploid
cousanguineous
married with cousin (inbreeding)
Identical twins
monozygotic
fraternal twins
dizygotic
What are the 4 inheritance patterns
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Sex linked dominant
Sex linked recessive
Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
Appears in each generation
1/2 effected individual if parent has trait
equal distribution among sexes
Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern
May skip generations
equal distribution among sexes
often appears in consanguineous marriage
2 normal parent produce affected child due to being carriers
Sex linked dominant inheritance pattern
appears in each generation
affected males yield all affected daughter
affected males come from affected mothers
Sex linked recessive inheritance pattern
appears more frequently in males
affected females have affected sons
affected females must have affected father and at least a carrier mother
never passes from father to son
Rule of independent assortment
genes assort themselves independently into gametes
Monohybrid genotypic and phenotypic ratios of heterozygous cross
genotypic: 1:2:1
phenotypic 3:1
Dihybrid
and genotypic and phenotypic ratios for heterozygous cross
2 genes being crossed
genotypic: 1:2:1:2:3:2:1:2:1
phenotypic 9:3:3:1
How many phenotypes are there if A and a, B and b are codominate
9 phenotypes
How many phenotypes are there if A is dominant to a but B is codominant with b
6
For multihybrid cross what does n stand for?
dominant genes
2^n for a multihybrid cross
Gametes and phenotypes
3^n for multihybrid cross
genotypes
frequency of homozygous recessive
(1/2^n)^2
Probability forumla and meaning of letters
P=a/n
P is the probability
a is the event we want to happen
n is the number of possiblities avaliable
Product rule and what is it used for?
P=P1 X P2 when 2 events need to happen at same time
Sum rule and what is it used for?
P= P1 + P2 doesn’t have to happen at same time
Bionominal theorem and when is it used and things needed
P= (n!/(s!+t!))(p)^s(q)^t
used when events are not in order
n=s+t
1=p+q
What is the probability of getting 5 girls and 1 boy?
3/32
What is probability of getting 4 girls and 2 boys?
20/64
What is probability of getting 3 normal kids and 1 dieased kid from 2 diease carrier parents?
27/64
