Chapter 3

Question 1

Need to be Accurate

Answer 1

• desire to achieve accurate understanding

- activated when being inaccurate could result in undesired outcomes

Question 2

Need to reach closure quickly

Answer 2

• desire for simple, quick and clearcut understanding as opposed to confusion and ambiguity
• activated when thinking is effortful or unpleasant (time pressure)

Question 3

Need to Confirm what one already believes

Answer 3

• desire to understand something in a way that fits well with previously held beliefs and values
• activated when prior beliefs and values are brought to mind, central to one’s sense of meaning in life or personal worth, or threatened by contradictory information.

Question 4

Cognitive system

Answer 4

Conscious, rational and controlled system of thinking

Question 5

Experiential system

Answer 5

Unconscious, intuitive and automatic system of thinking.

Question 6

Implicit attitudes

Answer 6

Automatic associations based on previous learning through the experiential system

Question 7

Explicit attitudes

Answer 7

Attitudes people are consciously aware of through the cognitive system

Question 8

5 ways unconscious is smart

Answer 8

1. Motives that guide thinking operate unconsciously.
2. Memory consolidation occurs during sleep.
3. Unconscious mind wandering can help generate creative ideas.
4. Intuition can facilitate sound decisions.
5. Unconscious emotional associations can promote beneficial decisions.

Question 9

Somatic marker hypothesis

Answer 9

Idea that changes in the body experienced as emotion, guide decision making

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

Mental structure stored in memory that contains prior knowledge and associations with a concept.

Question 11

Scripts

Answer 11

Schemas about an event that specify the typical sequence of actions that take place.

Question 12

Impressions

Answer 12

Schemas people have about other individuals.

Question 13

Accessibility

Answer 13

Ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking.

Question 14

Salience

Answer 14

Aspect of a schema that is active in one’s mind and consciously or not, Colors perceptions and behaviour.

Question 15

Priming

Answer 15

Process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases the salience of a schema.

Question 16

Associative networks

Answer 16

Models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory.

Question 17

Chronically accessible schemas

Answer 17

Schemas that are easily brought to mind because they are personally important and used frequently.

Question 18

Self-fulling prophecy

Answer 18

Phenomenon whereby initially false expectations cause the fulfillment of those expectations.

Question 19

Theory of lay epistemology (Arie Kruglanski, 1989, 2004)

Answer 19

• Need to be accurate
• Need to reach closure quickly
• Need to confirm what one already prefers to believe

Question 20

Implicit association test

Answer 20

Measures degree to which person mentally associates two concepts, essentially by lumping together examples of concept 1 alongside concept 2

Question 21

Meaning maintenance model

Answer 21

Brief exposure to stimuli that seem out of place or inconsistent with expectations can put ppl on alert to make sense of their environment or to affirm other moral convictions.