Chapter 2 Flashcards
Socialization
Learning from parents and others what is desirable and undesirable conduct in particular culture.
Automatic processes
Human thoughts/actions that occur quickly, often w/o aid of conscious awareness.
Controlled process
Human thoughts/actions that occur more slowly and deliberately and are motivated by some goal that is consciously recognized.
Hedonism
Human preference for pleasure over pain
Hierarchy of Goals
Idea that goals are organized hierarchically from very abstract goals to ver concrete goals, latter serving the former.
Two fundamental psychology motives:
Security and Growth
Cognitive Appraisal theory
Idea that our subjective experience of emotions is determined by a two-step process involving a primary appraisal of benefit or harm, and secondary appraisal providing more differentiated emotional experience.
Emotion Differentiation
Skill of recognizing fine-grained distinctions between different emotions.
Culture
Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols and rituals shared by self-identified group.
Cultural evolution
Process whereby cultures develop and propagate according to systems of belief or behaviour that contributes to success of society
Cultural diffusion
Transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another
Cultural transmission
Process whereby members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviours of others in that culture.
Collectivistic culture
Culture in which emphasis is on interdependence, cooperation, and the welfare of the group over that of the individual.
Individualistic culture
Culture in which emphasis is on individual initiative, achievement and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion.
Interdependent self-construal
Viewing self primarily in terms of how one related to others and contributes to the greater whole.
Independent self-construal
Viewing self as a unique active agent serving one’s own goals.
Terror management theory
Theory to minimize fear of mortality, humans strive to believe they are valued contributors to meaningful world and transcend their own death
Cultural worldview
Human constructed shared symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life w meaning, order, and permanence
Literal immortality
Culturally shared belief those that are worthy, life after death
Symbolic immortality
Culturally shared belief that being part of something greater and more enduring than our individual selves, some part of us will live in after we die.
Mortality salience
State of being reminded of one’s own mortality.
Worldview defense
Tendency to derogate those who violate important cultural ideas and to venerate those that uphold them.
Alexithymia
- low in emotional intelligence, inability to ID and express emotions
- prone to empathy and depression
- not very capable at answering questionnaires
Norms
Shared beliefs about appropriate/expected behaviour
Morals
- Autonomy morals
- divinity morals
Beliefs about nature of good/bad behaviour
—will of one’s actions, independence
-prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how ppl ought to relate to each other.
Natural Selection
- Variability in reproduction causes mutation and sexual recombination.
- competition
Domain-specific adaptions
Attributes that adapted to meet a particular challenge. (Photosensitive cells in eyes see colour)
Domain-general adaptions
Attributes useful for various areas of life (human capacity for learning to help find food, shelter, avoid danger)
Automatization
Process by which a task no longer requires conscious attention.
Experiential system of thought
Relies on emotions, i tuitions and images processed in brains evolutionary older regions inc limbic system.
Rational system
Logical, analytic and primarily linguistic, frontal lobes of cerebrum and supports controlled processes.
Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000)
In order to flourish we need competence (do things successfully), relatedness (having close connections), and autonomy (be in control of one’s life)
Difference between security (avoiding bad) and growth (approaching good)
Avoidance motivation involves right-hemisphere activity.
Approach motivation is left-hemisphere activity.
Individuation
Emergence of one’s own personality as a unique human being.
Six primary emotions
- happiness
- sadness
- fear
- anger
- surprise
- disgust
-amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex
Ten cross-cultural values
- Benevolence (be a good person)
- Self-direction (independent thought/action)
- Universalism (tolerance)
- Security
- Conformity
- Achievement
- Hedonism
- Stimulation
- Tradition
- Power
Acculturation
Individuals change in response to exposure to a new culture.
Assimilation
Ppl shift almost entirely from their culture to another’s.
Integration
Ppl retain aspects of their culture while internalizing aspects of a hosts culture.
