Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Socialization

A

Learning from parents and others what is desirable and undesirable conduct in particular culture.

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2
Q

Automatic processes

A

Human thoughts/actions that occur quickly, often w/o aid of conscious awareness.

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3
Q

Controlled process

A

Human thoughts/actions that occur more slowly and deliberately and are motivated by some goal that is consciously recognized.

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4
Q

Hedonism

A

Human preference for pleasure over pain

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5
Q

Hierarchy of Goals

A

Idea that goals are organized hierarchically from very abstract goals to ver concrete goals, latter serving the former.

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6
Q

Two fundamental psychology motives:

A

Security and Growth

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7
Q

Cognitive Appraisal theory

A

Idea that our subjective experience of emotions is determined by a two-step process involving a primary appraisal of benefit or harm, and secondary appraisal providing more differentiated emotional experience.

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8
Q

Emotion Differentiation

A

Skill of recognizing fine-grained distinctions between different emotions.

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9
Q

Culture

A

Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols and rituals shared by self-identified group.

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10
Q

Cultural evolution

A

Process whereby cultures develop and propagate according to systems of belief or behaviour that contributes to success of society

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11
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

Transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another

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12
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Process whereby members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviours of others in that culture.

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13
Q

Collectivistic culture

A

Culture in which emphasis is on interdependence, cooperation, and the welfare of the group over that of the individual.

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14
Q

Individualistic culture

A

Culture in which emphasis is on individual initiative, achievement and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion.

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15
Q

Interdependent self-construal

A

Viewing self primarily in terms of how one related to others and contributes to the greater whole.

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16
Q

Independent self-construal

A

Viewing self as a unique active agent serving one’s own goals.

17
Q

Terror management theory

A

Theory to minimize fear of mortality, humans strive to believe they are valued contributors to meaningful world and transcend their own death

18
Q

Cultural worldview

A

Human constructed shared symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life w meaning, order, and permanence

19
Q

Literal immortality

A

Culturally shared belief those that are worthy, life after death

20
Q

Symbolic immortality

A

Culturally shared belief that being part of something greater and more enduring than our individual selves, some part of us will live in after we die.

21
Q

Mortality salience

A

State of being reminded of one’s own mortality.

22
Q

Worldview defense

A

Tendency to derogate those who violate important cultural ideas and to venerate those that uphold them.

23
Q

Alexithymia

A
  • low in emotional intelligence, inability to ID and express emotions
  • prone to empathy and depression
  • not very capable at answering questionnaires
24
Q

Norms

A

Shared beliefs about appropriate/expected behaviour

25
Q

Morals

  • Autonomy morals
  • divinity morals
A

Beliefs about nature of good/bad behaviour

—will of one’s actions, independence

-prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how ppl ought to relate to each other.

26
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Variability in reproduction causes mutation and sexual recombination.
  • competition
27
Q

Domain-specific adaptions

A

Attributes that adapted to meet a particular challenge. (Photosensitive cells in eyes see colour)

28
Q

Domain-general adaptions

A

Attributes useful for various areas of life (human capacity for learning to help find food, shelter, avoid danger)

29
Q

Automatization

A

Process by which a task no longer requires conscious attention.

30
Q

Experiential system of thought

A

Relies on emotions, i tuitions and images processed in brains evolutionary older regions inc limbic system.

31
Q

Rational system

A

Logical, analytic and primarily linguistic, frontal lobes of cerebrum and supports controlled processes.

32
Q

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000)

A

In order to flourish we need competence (do things successfully), relatedness (having close connections), and autonomy (be in control of one’s life)

33
Q

Difference between security (avoiding bad) and growth (approaching good)

A

Avoidance motivation involves right-hemisphere activity.

Approach motivation is left-hemisphere activity.

34
Q

Individuation

A

Emergence of one’s own personality as a unique human being.

35
Q

Six primary emotions

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • fear
  • anger
  • surprise
  • disgust

-amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex

36
Q

Ten cross-cultural values

A
  1. Benevolence (be a good person)
  2. Self-direction (independent thought/action)
  3. Universalism (tolerance)
  4. Security
  5. Conformity
  6. Achievement
  7. Hedonism
  8. Stimulation
  9. Tradition
  10. Power
37
Q

Acculturation

A

Individuals change in response to exposure to a new culture.

38
Q

Assimilation

A

Ppl shift almost entirely from their culture to another’s.

39
Q

Integration

A

Ppl retain aspects of their culture while internalizing aspects of a hosts culture.