Chapter 2

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

Learning from parents and others what is desirable and undesirable conduct in particular culture.

Question 2

Automatic processes

Answer 2

Human thoughts/actions that occur quickly, often w/o aid of conscious awareness.

Question 3

Controlled process

Answer 3

Human thoughts/actions that occur more slowly and deliberately and are motivated by some goal that is consciously recognized.

Question 4

Hedonism

Answer 4

Human preference for pleasure over pain

Question 5

Hierarchy of Goals

Answer 5

Idea that goals are organized hierarchically from very abstract goals to ver concrete goals, latter serving the former.

Question 6

Two fundamental psychology motives:

Answer 6

Security and Growth

Question 7

Cognitive Appraisal theory

Answer 7

Idea that our subjective experience of emotions is determined by a two-step process involving a primary appraisal of benefit or harm, and secondary appraisal providing more differentiated emotional experience.

Question 8

Emotion Differentiation

Answer 8

Skill of recognizing fine-grained distinctions between different emotions.

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols and rituals shared by self-identified group.

Question 10

Cultural evolution

Answer 10

Process whereby cultures develop and propagate according to systems of belief or behaviour that contributes to success of society

Question 11

Cultural diffusion

Answer 11

Transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another

Question 12

Cultural transmission

Answer 12

Process whereby members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviours of others in that culture.

Question 13

Collectivistic culture

Answer 13

Culture in which emphasis is on interdependence, cooperation, and the welfare of the group over that of the individual.

Question 14

Individualistic culture

Answer 14

Culture in which emphasis is on individual initiative, achievement and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion.

Question 15

Interdependent self-construal

Answer 15

Viewing self primarily in terms of how one related to others and contributes to the greater whole.

Question 16

Independent self-construal

Answer 16

Viewing self as a unique active agent serving one’s own goals.

Question 17

Terror management theory

Answer 17

Theory to minimize fear of mortality, humans strive to believe they are valued contributors to meaningful world and transcend their own death

Question 18

Cultural worldview

Answer 18

Human constructed shared symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life w meaning, order, and permanence

Question 19

Literal immortality

Answer 19

Culturally shared belief those that are worthy, life after death

Question 20

Symbolic immortality

Answer 20

Culturally shared belief that being part of something greater and more enduring than our individual selves, some part of us will live in after we die.

Question 21

Mortality salience

Answer 21

State of being reminded of one’s own mortality.

Question 22

Worldview defense

Answer 22

Tendency to derogate those who violate important cultural ideas and to venerate those that uphold them.

Question 23

Alexithymia

Answer 23

• low in emotional intelligence, inability to ID and express emotions
• prone to empathy and depression
• not very capable at answering questionnaires

Question 24

Norms

Answer 24

Shared beliefs about appropriate/expected behaviour

Question 25

Morals

• Autonomy morals
• divinity morals

Answer 25

Beliefs about nature of good/bad behaviour

—will of one’s actions, independence

-prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how ppl ought to relate to each other.

Question 26

Natural Selection

Answer 26

• Variability in reproduction causes mutation and sexual recombination.
• competition

Question 27

Domain-specific adaptions

Answer 27

Attributes that adapted to meet a particular challenge. (Photosensitive cells in eyes see colour)

Question 28

Domain-general adaptions

Answer 28

Attributes useful for various areas of life (human capacity for learning to help find food, shelter, avoid danger)

Question 29

Automatization

Answer 29

Process by which a task no longer requires conscious attention.

Question 30

Experiential system of thought

Answer 30

Relies on emotions, i tuitions and images processed in brains evolutionary older regions inc limbic system.

Question 31

Rational system

Answer 31

Logical, analytic and primarily linguistic, frontal lobes of cerebrum and supports controlled processes.

Question 32

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000)

Answer 32

In order to flourish we need competence (do things successfully), relatedness (having close connections), and autonomy (be in control of one’s life)

Question 33

Difference between security (avoiding bad) and growth (approaching good)

Answer 33

Avoidance motivation involves right-hemisphere activity.

Approach motivation is left-hemisphere activity.

Question 34

Individuation

Answer 34

Emergence of one’s own personality as a unique human being.

Question 35

Six primary emotions

Answer 35

• happiness
• sadness
• fear
• anger
• surprise
• disgust

-amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 36

Ten cross-cultural values

Answer 36

1. Benevolence (be a good person)
2. Self-direction (independent thought/action)
3. Universalism (tolerance)
4. Security
5. Conformity
6. Achievement
7. Hedonism
8. Stimulation
9. Tradition
10. Power

Question 37

Acculturation

Answer 37

Individuals change in response to exposure to a new culture.

Question 38

Assimilation

Answer 38

Ppl shift almost entirely from their culture to another’s.

Question 39

Integration

Answer 39

Ppl retain aspects of their culture while internalizing aspects of a hosts culture.