Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sexual and aggressive behaviours are repressed in unconscious until they are transformed and expressed in socially acceptable ways.

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2
Q

Behaviourism

A

Only observable behaviour can be directly observed and measured.

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3
Q

Correlational method

A

Research in which two or more variables are measured and analyzed to determine to what extent, if any, they are associated.

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4
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A positive or negative numerical value that shows the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.

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5
Q

Reverse Causality problem

A

Possibility that a correlation between variables x and y occur because one causes the other, but it’s impossible to determine if x causes y or y causes x.

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6
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

Possibility that two variables may be correlated but do not exert a causal influence on one another, rather they are caused by some additional variable.

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7
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Studies in which variables are measured in the same individuals over two or more periods of time, typically months or years.

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8
Q

Experimental Method

A

a study in which a researcher manipulates a variable, referred to as the independent variable, measures possible effects on another variable, referred to as the dependent variable, and tries to hold all other variables constant.

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9
Q

Internal Validity

A

judgement that for a particular experiment, it is possible to conclude that the manipulated independent variable caused the change in the measured dependent variable.

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10
Q

Interaction

A

a pattern of results in which the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on the level of a second independent variable.

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11
Q

Random Assignment

A

participants are assigned to conditions in such a way that each person has an equal change of being in any condition of an experiment.

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12
Q

Field research

A

research that occurs outside the lab, such as in schools, office buildings, medical clinics etc.

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13
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A

type of research in which groups of participants are compared on some dependent variable, but for practical/ethical reasons they are not formed on random assignment (ie: alcoholics-unethical to assign a group to drink daily)

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14
Q

Operational definition

A

specific concrete method of measuring or manipulating a conceptual variable

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15
Q

Construct validity

A

degree in which the dependent measure assesses what it intends to assess or the manipulation manipulates what it intends to manipulate.

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16
Q

Confound

A

a variable other than the conceptual variable intended to be manipulated that may be responsible for the effect on the dependent variable, making alternative explanations possible.

17
Q

Conceptual replication

A

repetition of a study with different operationalizations of the crucial variables but yielding similar results.

18
Q

moderator variables

A

variables that explain when, where, or for whom an effect is most likely to occur.

19
Q

meta-analysis

A

a process of analyzing data across many related studies to determine the strength and reliability of a finding.

20
Q

Cover story

A

an explanation of the purpose of a study that is different than the true purpose

21
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

aspects of a study that give away its purpose or communicate how the participants is expected to behave.

22
Q

experimental bias

A

possibility that the experimenter’s knowledge of the condition a particular participant is in could affect her behaviour toward the participant and thereby introduce a confounding variable to the independent variable manipulation.

23
Q

debriefing

A

at the end of the study, procedure in which participants are assessed for suspicion and then receive a gentle explanation of the true nature of the study in a manner that counteracts any negative effects of the study experience.

24
Q

Main perspectives in Social Psychology

A
Neuroscience 
Evolutionary
Existential
Cultural
Cognitive
25
Q

Stereotype Threat theory

A

Members of socially devalued groups often perform poor than members of majority/advantaged groups.

26
Q

Stigma consciousness

A

Tendency to be highly conscious of one’s stereotyped status and believe these stereotypes have a strong effect on how one is viewed by others.

27
Q

Parsimonious

A

Explains a wide range of observations w relatively small number of basic principles.

28
Q
Gordon Allport (1954) 
Contact hypothesis
A

Specific forms of contact between groups can break down stereotypes and negative feelings.

29
Q

Power analysis

A

Statistical technique to determine size of sample needed to make study’s results replicable.