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Biology 1&2 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissues

A

A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function.

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2
Q

Organs

A

A structure made up of different types of tissues working together.
Eg heart.

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3
Q

Organ system

A

Organs that produce similar outcomes

Eg circulatory system.

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4
Q

Organism

A

Multiple organ systems working together to create organisms.

Eg humans

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5
Q

Non vascular plants

A

Don’t have transport systems.
Small
Rely on direct diffusion of osmosis and nutrients to compleat their needs in and out.
Eg mosses, liverworts, hornworms.

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6
Q

Vascular plants

A

Use transport systems
Large
Specialised systems to transport water, minerals, nutrients, sugars and substances.
Eg ferns, conifers, flowering plants.

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7
Q

Root system

A

Absorbs water and nutrients through osmosis.

To support and anchor plant.

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8
Q

Root pressure

A

Doused by water intake and water pushing upwards I. The xylem.

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9
Q

Root hairs

A

To increase surface area.

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10
Q

Structure of a root

A

Root hair, epidermis, cortex of root, xylem.

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11
Q

Xylem

A

Made of tracheids and vessels
Dead and hollow.
Strengthen with lignin

Transpiration

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12
Q

TRANSPIRATION

A

The movement of water and minerals through the xylem.

Movement of water going up from evaporation

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13
Q

Phloem

A

Made of sieve and companion cells.
Companion cells control sieve cells because they have no nucleus.
Made of living cells.

translocation

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14
Q

TRANSLOCATION

A

The movement of substances (sugars) in the phloem.

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15
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Phloem outside bundle

Xylem inside bundle.

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16
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of life all forms on earth.

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17
Q

Adhesion

A

Water attraction to the wall of the xylem.

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18
Q

Cohesion

A

The water attraction between each water molecule. Strong bond- hydrogen bond.

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19
Q

All components for the leaf structure.

9

A

Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, sub- stromatal air space, lower epidermis, guard cells, stromata.

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20
Q

Cuticle

A

Reduce water loss

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21
Q

Upper and lower epidermis

A

Protective covering

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22
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis.

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23
Q

Stromata

A

Holes that allow gas to go in and out.

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24
Q

Guard cell.

A

Controls entry and excite of everything. Water, gas and respiration. Control water loss.

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25
Q

Sub-stomatal space.

A

Diffusion of gas.

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26
Q

Mammalian Transport systems

A

They are multicellular and need efficient ways to transport nutrients and remove waste.

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27
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physically braking down braking down food to creat more surface area.

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28
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes brake down complex substances to their simplest form.

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29
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in of nutrients

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30
Q

Digestion

A

Braking down complex molecules into smaller components (chemical)

31
Q

Absorption

A

The taking in of digestion into the internal environment of a cell.

32
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of waste food materials.

33
Q

Order of digestive system

A

Mouth, epiglottis, osophagous, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus

34
Q

Mouth

A

Ph 7
Teeth the mechanically brake down food for higher surface area.
Chemical digestion saliva. Turns starch to maltose.
Tongue to create bolus to swallow.
Moves food around to Maximises food to teeth munching.
Pushes food back to the PHARYNX.

35
Q

Epigalottis

A

Stops food from entering your respiratory track.

36
Q

Oesophagus

A

Carries the bolus to the stomach.

Swallowing action is called peristalsis.

37
Q

Stomach

A

Ph 1-2
Mechanical digestion- walls contracting and relaxing.
Gastric juices- mucus, water, hydro caloric acid
Protein backdown- pepsin, protease.
Mucus to protect lining.
Enzymes brake down polypeptides of proteins into smaller chains.
Chyme is the end result.

38
Q

Small intestine

A

Food enters through peristalsis

39
Q

Duodenum

A

Ph8
Pancreatic juices enter to equalise
Eg bicarbonate.
Bile to brake down fat molecules.

40
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile that emulsifiers lipids.

41
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid.

42
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile.

43
Q

Jejunum

A

Absorption of nutrients, for in small intestine.

44
Q

Ileum

A

Absorbers vitamins and bile salt.

45
Q

Villi

A

Found in the small intestine to create a high surface area to volume ration. And direct diffusion into blood stream.

46
Q

Large intestine

A

Has bacteria that produce vitamins

Water absorption a don salt intake.

47
Q

Rectum

A

Forms fecies

48
Q

Anus

A

Has sphincter to control excretion of fecies

49
Q

Respiratory system components.

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.

50
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Funnels air to the trachea. And nose filters air.

51
Q

Pharynx

A

Stops food from entering.

52
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box.

Vocal cords vibrate to create sound when air travails parts.

53
Q

Trachea

A

Guides air

Cartilage stops air way from collapsing

54
Q

Bronchus

A

Directs air to lungs.

55
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller branches off the bronchus.

56
Q

Alveoli

A

Small bundles of air sacks
Gas exchange occurs
Diffusion into blood stream.

57
Q

Red blood cells

A

Non-lining

Contains heamogloan for oxygen Transport

58
Q

White blood cell

A

Defends against micro organisms

Creates puss from white blood cell fragments and micro organisms.

59
Q

Plasma

A

Carries
Proteins, body heat, gases, nutrients
All in dissolved forms.

60
Q

Platelets

A

In bone marrow

Clots blood to create scab.

61
Q

All parts of the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery.

62
Q

Kidney

A

Filters the blood and create urine.

63
Q

Renal artery

A

Provides the kidney with blood.

64
Q

Renal vein

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart.

65
Q

Ureter

A

Tube from kidney to bladder filled with urine.

66
Q

Urethra

A

From bladder to outside

67
Q

Parts of the kidney

A

Medulla, cortex, renal pelvics, nephron, renal artery, renal vein, ureter.

68
Q

Blomerulus

A

In the kidney
Filters blood
Eg urine, oxygen, amino acid, glucose, salts.

69
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

In the kidney

Uses high blood breakers to clear the red blood and bring the substances into the open.

70
Q

Loop of henle

A

The track for reabsorption into the blood.

71
Q

Distal conolled tubule

A

Water reabsorption into the blood cells.

In the loop on henle

72
Q

Proximal conolled tubule

A

Reabsorption of substances but not urea

73
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Waste transported from capillaries to ducts.

Biology 1&2 (10 decks)

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