Chapter 3 Flashcards
Tissues
A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function.
Organs
A structure made up of different types of tissues working together.
Eg heart.
Organ system
Organs that produce similar outcomes
Eg circulatory system.
Organism
Multiple organ systems working together to create organisms.
Eg humans
Non vascular plants
Don’t have transport systems.
Small
Rely on direct diffusion of osmosis and nutrients to compleat their needs in and out.
Eg mosses, liverworts, hornworms.
Vascular plants
Use transport systems
Large
Specialised systems to transport water, minerals, nutrients, sugars and substances.
Eg ferns, conifers, flowering plants.
Root system
Absorbs water and nutrients through osmosis.
To support and anchor plant.
Root pressure
Doused by water intake and water pushing upwards I. The xylem.
Root hairs
To increase surface area.
Structure of a root
Root hair, epidermis, cortex of root, xylem.
Xylem
Made of tracheids and vessels
Dead and hollow.
Strengthen with lignin
Transpiration
TRANSPIRATION
The movement of water and minerals through the xylem.
Movement of water going up from evaporation
Phloem
Made of sieve and companion cells.
Companion cells control sieve cells because they have no nucleus.
Made of living cells.
translocation
TRANSLOCATION
The movement of substances (sugars) in the phloem.
Vascular bundles
Phloem outside bundle
Xylem inside bundle.
Cell
The smallest unit of life all forms on earth.
Adhesion
Water attraction to the wall of the xylem.
Cohesion
The water attraction between each water molecule. Strong bond- hydrogen bond.
All components for the leaf structure.
9
Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, sub- stromatal air space, lower epidermis, guard cells, stromata.
Cuticle
Reduce water loss
Upper and lower epidermis
Protective covering
Spongy mesophyll
Photosynthesis.
Stromata
Holes that allow gas to go in and out.
Guard cell.
Controls entry and excite of everything. Water, gas and respiration. Control water loss.
Sub-stomatal space.
Diffusion of gas.
Mammalian Transport systems
They are multicellular and need efficient ways to transport nutrients and remove waste.
Mechanical digestion
Physically braking down braking down food to creat more surface area.
Chemical digestion
Enzymes brake down complex substances to their simplest form.
Ingestion
Taking in of nutrients
Digestion
Braking down complex molecules into smaller components (chemical)
Absorption
The taking in of digestion into the internal environment of a cell.
Egestion
The removal of waste food materials.
Order of digestive system
Mouth, epiglottis, osophagous, stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus
Mouth
Ph 7
Teeth the mechanically brake down food for higher surface area.
Chemical digestion saliva. Turns starch to maltose.
Tongue to create bolus to swallow.
Moves food around to Maximises food to teeth munching.
Pushes food back to the PHARYNX.
Epigalottis
Stops food from entering your respiratory track.
Oesophagus
Carries the bolus to the stomach.
Swallowing action is called peristalsis.
Stomach
Ph 1-2
Mechanical digestion- walls contracting and relaxing.
Gastric juices- mucus, water, hydro caloric acid
Protein backdown- pepsin, protease.
Mucus to protect lining.
Enzymes brake down polypeptides of proteins into smaller chains.
Chyme is the end result.
Small intestine
Food enters through peristalsis
Duodenum
Ph8
Pancreatic juices enter to equalise
Eg bicarbonate.
Bile to brake down fat molecules.
Liver
Produces bile that emulsifiers lipids.
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid.
Gall bladder
Stores bile.
Jejunum
Absorption of nutrients, for in small intestine.
Ileum
Absorbers vitamins and bile salt.
Villi
Found in the small intestine to create a high surface area to volume ration. And direct diffusion into blood stream.
Large intestine
Has bacteria that produce vitamins
Water absorption a don salt intake.
Rectum
Forms fecies
Anus
Has sphincter to control excretion of fecies
Respiratory system components.
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.
Nasal cavity
Funnels air to the trachea. And nose filters air.
Pharynx
Stops food from entering.
Larynx
Voice box.
Vocal cords vibrate to create sound when air travails parts.
Trachea
Guides air
Cartilage stops air way from collapsing
Bronchus
Directs air to lungs.
Bronchioles
Smaller branches off the bronchus.
Alveoli
Small bundles of air sacks
Gas exchange occurs
Diffusion into blood stream.
Red blood cells
Non-lining
Contains heamogloan for oxygen Transport
White blood cell
Defends against micro organisms
Creates puss from white blood cell fragments and micro organisms.
Plasma
Carries
Proteins, body heat, gases, nutrients
All in dissolved forms.
Platelets
In bone marrow
Clots blood to create scab.
All parts of the heart.
Pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery.
Kidney
Filters the blood and create urine.
Renal artery
Provides the kidney with blood.
Renal vein
Takes deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart.
Ureter
Tube from kidney to bladder filled with urine.
Urethra
From bladder to outside
Parts of the kidney
Medulla, cortex, renal pelvics, nephron, renal artery, renal vein, ureter.
Blomerulus
In the kidney
Filters blood
Eg urine, oxygen, amino acid, glucose, salts.
Bowmans capsule
In the kidney
Uses high blood breakers to clear the red blood and bring the substances into the open.
Loop of henle
The track for reabsorption into the blood.
Distal conolled tubule
Water reabsorption into the blood cells.
In the loop on henle
Proximal conolled tubule
Reabsorption of substances but not urea
Collecting ducts
Waste transported from capillaries to ducts.
