Chapter 3 - 19th Century Liberalism Flashcards
Principles of Individualism
private property, rule of law, individual rights and freedoms, competition, economic freedom, self interest
Classical liberalism
ideology that embraces the principles of individualism
A leviathan is needed to ensure security of individuals
Thomas Hobbes
Govt should protect life, liberty, and property
John Locke
Govt involvement is limited and can be overthrown if they over step their boundaris
John Locke
Supported the separation of powers (branches of govt)
Montesquieu
Checks and balances on govt will limit tyranny
Montesquieu
Emphasized participation of citizens
Montesquieu
Believed in the idea of ‘laissez faire’
Adam Smith
Individualism, self interest and competition will naturally improve society
Adam Smith
‘Invisible hand’ leads market by supply and demand, NOT govt intervention
Adam Smith
The Harm Principle
govts only exist to prevent harm from being done by one to another
Created the Harm Principle
John Mill
If one does not harm another, they should be free to take those actions
John Mill
Freedom of speech and expression are fundamental, and supported representative democracy
John Mill
Key principles in humansim
importance of arts and literature alongside faith, and sought meaning and purpose in love, beauty, and development of self
What is the social contract according to Locke?
people give up some of their natural rights to a govt to receive social order and security for themselves
How did Montesquieu believe the govt should be structured?
believed there should be separation of power among the 3 branches and that they should be seperate so that one doesn’t influence another too much
Enclosures Act
served the interest of merchants and business owners by forcing thousands of low income farmers into cities and towns
What did the enclosures act result in?
an uncommonly large pool of cheap labour
Physiocrats
a group of enlightenment philosophers in France who critiqued the prevailing economics of mercantilism
What did physiocrats believe about society?
advocated that govt should leave business entrepreneurs alone to follow their natural self interest
What things did Smith think the govt should do to keep them as a limited role in society?
maintain a rule of law, make sure contracts were followed, and provide some public works
Three principle of The Great Law of Peace
power, health, and righteosness
How is Nunavut’s govt system similar to liberalism?
no political parties, decision making based on a consensus, use of inuit languages encouraged, those elected work together to determine policies
Intolerable Acts
placed restrictions on the colonists including outlawing town meetings and closing of the Boston border
How did geographical conditions cause the american rev?
distance of colonies from Great Britain made an independence that was hard to overcome
How did colonial mindset cause the american rev?
those willing to colonize the new world had desires of new opprotunities and freedom
How did colonial legislatures cause the american rev?
they were allowed to impose taxes, have an army and pass laws which then caused conflict
How did the enlightenent cause the american rev?
new ideas introduced concepts of the social contract limited govt and separation of powers
How did the french and indian war cause the american rev?
left the victorious British in debt and demanding more revenue from colonies
How did new taxes cause the american rev?
they were placed on a variety of items to create revenue which was to help the cost of running the colonies
How did the Proclamation of 1763 cause the american rev?
prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian mountains which many colonists took offense to
How did the Great Law of Peace influence the american constitution?
ideas of separation of powers and federalism, as well as equal participation from the people in govt which included women
What links to liberalism were adopted by those in the american and french rev?
freedom to do whatever as long as no harm is done, preservation of natural rights such as liberty, property and security
Positives from the industrial rev
railway created many jobs and allowed fast transportation of goods, famines decreased, improved child mortality rates
Negatives from the industrial rev
increase in pollution and waste, spread of disease, little to no labour laws, lots of child labour
