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Biology 101 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

You have to have ___ to have life.

A

carbon

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2
Q

Why is carbon important?

A

Can bond up to four atoms (covalent)

Carbon backbones leads to diverse molecular shapes

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3
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

combines small, similar subunits (monomers) into larger chain molecules (polymers), forms H20

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4
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

H20 breaks polymers into smaller monomers

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5
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

organic polymers of life

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6
Q

Macromolecules include?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nuclear acids (RNA, DNA)

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7
Q

What is the most abundant of the macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

energy and energy storage
cell identification
cell structure

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
used for energy/building units
water soluble, form rings in solution

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10
Q

What is polysaccharide functions?

A

energy storage
structure
alpha and beta glucose

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11
Q

Functions of lipids

A

insulation, padding, energy, vitamin transport, construction of sex hormones, “ “ cell membranes, production of vitamin D

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12
Q

Average american consumes how much sugar a day/year?

A

1/3lb day

140lbs year

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13
Q

Carb types?

A

monosaccharides
short chain carbs
polysaccharides

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14
Q

Greasy, oil lipids are?

A

hydrophobic nonpolar molecules

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15
Q

What is insoluble in water?

A

greasy, oil lipids

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16
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

carbons & hydrogen

many - fatty acids

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17
Q

What are fats composed of?

A

3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

18
Q

Where are fats stored?

A

adipose tissue (for padding)

19
Q

What are saturated fats?

A 
solid at room temperature
no double bonds
stack together (butter, cheese)
20
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

liquid at room temperature

1 or more double bond

21
Q

Partially hydrogenated oils (trans fats) are what?

A

solidified plant oils

not natural/ increase shelf life

22
Q

Steroids are composed of?

A

4 carbon rings

23
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

a steroid that functions as a cell membrane component that can be remodeled into sex hormones and vitamin D

24
Q

Phospholipids have?

A

a glycerol backbone, 2 FA tails and a phosphate head

25
Q

Phospholipids composes?

A

the cell membrane

26
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid?

A

act as a barrier

27
Q

Proteins are involved in?

A

cell structure and function

28
Q

Functions of proteins?

A 
structural
storage
movement
transport
hormones
defense
enzymes
29
Q

What are proteins?

A

1 or more folded polymers of amino acids

30
Q

How to proteins have diversity?

A

20 amino acids

31
Q

Each amino acid contains?

A

an amine group
a carboxyl group
a R group

32
Q

How is a protein built?

A

amino acid monomers link together by condensation which form peptide bonds b/w the monomers

33
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

unique** sequence of a.a’s in polypeptide
controls final shape
instructed by DNA

34
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

H- bonding b/w atoms of polypetide’s backbone

Helices and pleated sheets

35
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

binding b/w R groups from irregular contortions

36
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

2 or more domains interacting to from a single structure (globular/fibrous proteins)

37
Q

What is denaturation?

A

unfolding of a protein which is dependent on the cellular environment

38
Q

What are prions?

A

virus-like proteins that cause illness and trigger normal proteins to misfold

39
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

single/double stranded chains of nucleotide monomers

40
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

5C sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

41
Q

What are some things nucleotides do?

A

act alone as
carriers ATP
enzyme helpers NAD & FAD
build polymers DNA & RNA

42
Q

Types of nucleotides?

A

RNA - ribose sugar
DNA - deoxyribose sugar
5 different types of nitrogen bases

Biology 101 (38 decks)

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