Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are some cognitive and psychosocial changes we see in early, middle and late adolescence?
- Better impulse control, further development of middle adolescence tasks, autonomy, vocational development
- Concrete thinking, sexual identity and orientation development, body image, peer identification
- Abstract thinking, moral development, religious & political views, invincibility, romantic interests
Which is early, middle and late adolescence?
- Late adolescence
- Early adolescence
- Middle adolescence
What was the observation of Piaget and Binet?
Observation: children reason differently at different ages
What were the 3 main processes Piaget believed existed?
3pts
Assimilation: understand new info in terms of existing knowledge (fitting new ideas into pre-existing ideas)
Accommodation: change existing concepts in response to new experiences (changes to accommodate ideas that conflict with existing knowledge)
Equilibration: schemas can account for new information
What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s stages of development? What age is it?
4pts
- Age: 0-2yrs
- Sensory perception and motor beahvior
- Object permanence
- Language acquisition
What is the preoperational stage in Piaget’s stages of development? What age is it?
4pts
- Age: 2-7 yrs
- Symbolic thinking
- Meta-cognition: language, memory and imagination
- Egocentrism
What is the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s stages of development? What age is it?
5pts
- Age: 7-11yrs
- Development of logic
- Reversibility
- Conservation
- Decentration
What is the formal operations stage in Piaget’s stages of development? What age is it?
4pts
- Age: 11-12 yrs
- Abstract thinking
- Logical reasoning
- “What might be/What if” thinking
Do all children go through Piagets 4 stages of development?
Yes, no stages a skipped but they can vary in rate
Piaget believed that cognitive…
change and processes are dependent on age
What are some critiques of Piaget’s theory ?
5pts
- Very small sample and subjective (used his own kids)
- His work was not replicable (tested his own kids)
- Underestimated children’s capabilities
- Doesn’t take into consideration different environments and cultures, therefore not universal
- The idea that certain things happen at specific stages is obsolete because this can vary from child to child
We don’t have selective and divided attention in childhood, its starts to develop during adolescence.
True or false.
True
Concepts can be reversed: e.g., your dog is a Labrador, a Labrador is a dog, dog is an animal.
What concept is this?
Reversibility
Something can change in shape but is still has the same properties.
What concept is this?
Conservation
- Able to concentrate on many aspects
of a problem - Shift focus from oneself as the center
of the problem to the actual problem - Shift focus away from the immediate
situation to the future - Weigh costs and benefit
What concept is this?
Decentration
Can focus on one thing tune out another.
What type of attention is this?
Selective attention
Pay attention to 2 things at the same time.
What type of attention is this?
Divided attention
We often store information in memory in inexact traces that preserve only the gist of the information.
What concept is this?
Fuzzy-trace theory
Adolescents are better at using their BLANK memory
Working
The ability to be aware of one’s own thinking processes and to develop more effective ways of using them.
What concept is this? Elaborate.
5pts
Metacognition
- ” Thinking about thinking”
- Self-consciousness
- Capacity to reflect on one’s thoughts and behaviors
- Decision making
How does the brain change? What is pruning and myelination? When does myelination peak ?
2pts
Pruning: In grey matter of the brain and discards unused neurons
Myelination: Fatty substance protecting the neurons in white matter, increases in adolescence, peaks at age 10-12 (stimulated by puberty & experience)
What happens to the brain’s plasticity in adolescent?
3pts
- Capacity to change in response to experience
- Still maturing
- Changes neural structures of the brain
What changes happen to the brain in adolescence?
What develops first?
Prefrontal cortex (4pts), amygdala, hippocampus
8pts
Prefrontal cortex:
- Brain’s “CEO”
- Responsible for all high order abilities: thinking, planning, memory, mood, organization
- More focused
- Undergoes the most dramatic changes in adolescence
Amygdala:
- Emotional responses
- Memory
Hippocampus:
- Filling cabinet
- The limbic system develops first, then the prefrontal cortex develops
What is mentalizing?
Understanding people’s perspectives and mental states - understanding another person’s state of mind
Egocentrism- what are 3 types?
3pt
Imaginary audience: imagined behaviors the focus of everyone’s attention
Personal fable: unique experience
Invincibility: Believe in own uniqueness- what happens to others won’t happen to me
