Chapter 2

Question 1

What biological/physical changes happen in female vs male in early, middle late adolescence?

Answer 1

Early:
Female- breast bud, pubic hair development, growth spurt starts

Male- Testicular enlargement, start of genital growth

Middle:
Female- Menarche, end of growth spurt, fat disposition

Male- Spermarche, nocturnal emissions, deeper voice, start of growth spurt

Late:
Male- increase in muscle and body hair

Question 2

What is puberty?

2pts

Answer 2

• Period that sexual reproduction emerges
• Endocrine system –> physical changes

Question 3

What are 3 key changes in puberty?

3pts

Answer 3

Rapid growth –> changes in height and weight
Primary sex characteristics –> hormonal changes
Secondary sex characteristics –> initiated by the endocrine and central nervous system

Question 4

How do hormones affect puberty?

What is the endocrine system ?

2pts

Answer 4

• Changes of puberty are set in motion and controlled by the system of endocrine glands that produce hormones.
• Endocrine system produces and regulates the hormones in the body.

Question 5

Initiates hormonal changes.
What am i?

Controls hormone circulation.
What am I?

2ts

Answer 5

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary

Question 5

What is a simple 4 step process of how puberty starts in the HPG system?

4pts

Answer 5

1. Hypothalamus: Releases GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormones), starting puberty.
2. Pituitary: Receives GnRH, releases FSH and LH.
3. Gonads (male- testes, androgren, femaile-ovaries-estrogen): Receive FSH/LH, produce sex hormones (testosterone in testes, estrogen in ovaries).
4. Hormones: Trigger pubertal changes.

Question 6

What are the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone responsible for? How much is produced in male and females?

3pts

Answer 6

• Bodily changes
• Secondary sex characteristics

Estradiol: 8x females but 2x in males
Testosterone: 20x males 4x in females

Question 7

What can damage to the hypothalamus lead to?

2pts

Answer 7

• Mood disorders, obesity

Question 7

DHEA is responsible for…

Answer 7

growth of hair

Question 8

What is adrenarche?

Answer 8

Initiation of puberty/ first phase of puberty

Question 9

What is Menarche?

Answer 9

Beginning of menstrual period (first menstruation)

Question 10

Girls are normally taller than the average boy between ages BLANK to BLANK.

The fastest change in height, which occurs at around BLANK for girls and BLANK for boys

Answer 10

11, 13

12, 14

Question 11

BLANK is suppressed in adolescence and is also a sign that puberty has begun

Answer 11

Melatonin

Question 12

BLANK stimulates the production of BLANK which triggers puberty

Answer 12

Leptin, kisseptin

Question 13

A boys first ejaculation of seminal fluid.

At what age does this usually occur?

Answer 13

• Semenarche
• 12 years old

Question 14

A spontaneous ejaculation of seminal fluid while asleep and for girls an orgasm while asleep.

Answer 14

Nocturnal Orgasm

Question 15

What is the HPG hormone feedback loop? How do feedback loops trigger puberty?

2pts

Answer 15

• Hypothalamus –> pituitary–> Gonads (testes & ovaries) –> Androgens/estrogens –> Secondary sex characteristics
• The hormone levels are set at a specific point that differs across people and the CNS signals to increase or decrease hormones (acts as a “thermostat”)

Question 16

Dramatic increase in height & weight

Answer 16

Growth spurt

Question 17

Point of most rapid growth

Answer 17

Peak height velocity

Question 18

Closing of the ends of bones (growth complete)

Answer 18

Epiphysis

Question 19

What are primary sex characteristics in males and females?

4pts

Answer 19

Males:
- penis and testes grow
- Spermarche in boys (12yrs)

Females:
- Sex organs, ovaries, uterus and vagina grows
- Menarche

Question 20

What are secondary sex characteristics in males and females?

Answer 20

Males:
- Hair growth
- Sweat glands
- Skin (rougher)

Females:
- Above 3 plus enlargement of breasts

Question 21

What is the timing difference in puberty in boys and girls?

Answer 21

Boys go through puberty 2 years later then girls

Question 22

What is the secular trend?

What are 5 things that can impact the secular trend?

5pts

Answer 22

Refers to how we see puberty occurring earlier and earlier as time periods go by

• Stress, nutrition, physical exertion or activity, access to healthcare, endocrine disruptors (certain food products, deoderants etc)

Question 23

What are the psychosocial implications for early vs late pubertal maturation among boys and girls?

5pts

Answer 23

• Might feel disconnected from their peers
• Disordered eating
• Sexualization
• Low self esteem
• Delinquency

Question 24

In regards to puberty and sleep, what do we notice in adolescence?

What are some biological/hormonal changes associated with sleep and puberty?

5pts

Answer 24

Adolescents tend to stay up later and to sleep later in the morning (compared to childhood)- delayed phase preference

Biology and hormones:
- Cortisol: increases in puberty
- LH: its secretion increases during sleep in adolescence
- Melatonin is suppressed/delayed during puberty
- Delay in the decrease of body temperature throughout the day - body temp decreases the later it gets