Chapter 2 Flashcards
What biological/physical changes happen in female vs male in early, middle late adolescence?
Early:
Female- breast bud, pubic hair development, growth spurt starts
Male- Testicular enlargement, start of genital growth
Middle:
Female- Menarche, end of growth spurt, fat disposition
Male- Spermarche, nocturnal emissions, deeper voice, start of growth spurt
Late:
Male- increase in muscle and body hair
What is puberty?
2pts
- Period that sexual reproduction emerges
- Endocrine system –> physical changes
What are 3 key changes in puberty?
3pts
Rapid growth –> changes in height and weight
Primary sex characteristics –> hormonal changes
Secondary sex characteristics –> initiated by the endocrine and central nervous system
How do hormones affect puberty?
What is the endocrine system ?
2pts
- Changes of puberty are set in motion and controlled by the system of endocrine glands that produce hormones.
- Endocrine system produces and regulates the hormones in the body.
Initiates hormonal changes.
What am i?
Controls hormone circulation.
What am I?
2ts
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
What is a simple 4 step process of how puberty starts in the HPG system?
4pts
- Hypothalamus: Releases GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormones), starting puberty.
- Pituitary: Receives GnRH, releases FSH and LH.
- Gonads (male- testes, androgren, femaile-ovaries-estrogen): Receive FSH/LH, produce sex hormones (testosterone in testes, estrogen in ovaries).
- Hormones: Trigger pubertal changes.
What are the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone responsible for? How much is produced in male and females?
3pts
- Bodily changes
- Secondary sex characteristics
Estradiol: 8x females but 2x in males
Testosterone: 20x males 4x in females
What can damage to the hypothalamus lead to?
2pts
- Mood disorders, obesity
DHEA is responsible for…
growth of hair
What is adrenarche?
Initiation of puberty/ first phase of puberty
What is Menarche?
Beginning of menstrual period (first menstruation)
Girls are normally taller than the average boy between ages BLANK to BLANK.
The fastest change in height, which occurs at around BLANK for girls and BLANK for boys
11, 13
12, 14
BLANK is suppressed in adolescence and is also a sign that puberty has begun
Melatonin
BLANK stimulates the production of BLANK which triggers puberty
Leptin, kisseptin
A boys first ejaculation of seminal fluid.
At what age does this usually occur?
- Semenarche
- 12 years old
A spontaneous ejaculation of seminal fluid while asleep and for girls an orgasm while asleep.
Nocturnal Orgasm
What is the HPG hormone feedback loop? How do feedback loops trigger puberty?
2pts
- Hypothalamus –> pituitary–> Gonads (testes & ovaries) –> Androgens/estrogens –> Secondary sex characteristics
- The hormone levels are set at a specific point that differs across people and the CNS signals to increase or decrease hormones (acts as a “thermostat”)
Dramatic increase in height & weight
Growth spurt
Point of most rapid growth
Peak height velocity
Closing of the ends of bones (growth complete)
Epiphysis
What are primary sex characteristics in males and females?
4pts
Males:
- penis and testes grow
- Spermarche in boys (12yrs)
Females:
- Sex organs, ovaries, uterus and vagina grows
- Menarche
What are secondary sex characteristics in males and females?
Males:
- Hair growth
- Sweat glands
- Skin (rougher)
Females:
- Above 3 plus enlargement of breasts
What is the timing difference in puberty in boys and girls?
Boys go through puberty 2 years later then girls
What is the secular trend?
What are 5 things that can impact the secular trend?
5pts
Refers to how we see puberty occurring earlier and earlier as time periods go by
- Stress, nutrition, physical exertion or activity, access to healthcare, endocrine disruptors (certain food products, deoderants etc)
